Case: 24-1268 Document: 47 Page: 1 Filed: 10/08/2025

United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ______________________ GUJARAT FLUOROCHEMICALS LTD., Plaintiff-Appellee v. UNITED STATES, Defendant DAIKIN AMERICA, INC., Defendant-Appellant ______________________ 2024-1268 ______________________ Appeal from the United States Court of International Trade in No. 1:22-cv-00120-TCS, Senior Judge Timothy C.

Stanceu. ______________________ Decided: October 8, 2025 ______________________ DIANA DIMITRIUC QUAIA, ArentFox Schiff LLP, Wash- ington, DC, argued for plaintiff-appellee. Also represented by JESSICA R. DIPIETRO, JOHN M. GURLEY, MATTHEW MOSHER NOLAN, MARIO TORRICO; YUN GAO, New York, NY.

ELIZABETH DRAKE, Schagrin Associates, Washington, DC, argued for defendant-appellant. Also represented by NICHOLAS J. BIRCH, SAAD YOUNUS CHALCHAL, CHRISTOPHER CLOUTIER, WILLIAM ALFRED FENNELL, Case: 24-1268 Document: 47 Page: 2 Filed: 10/08/2025

2 GUJARAT FLUOROCHEMICALS LTD. v. US

JEFFREY DAVID GERRISH, LUKE A. MEISNER, ROGER BRIAN SCHAGRIN. ______________________ Before REYNA, BRYSON, and STOLL, Circuit Judges.

Opinion for the court filed by Circuit Judge REYNA.

Concurring opinion filed by Circuit Judge BRYSON.

REYNA, Circuit Judge.

This is an appeal from a judgment of the United States Court of International Trade. According to the Trade Court, the U.S. Department of Commerce erred in its de- termination that the cross-ownership regulation at 19 C.F.R. § 351.525(b)(6)(iv) applied to Appellee Gujarat Flu- orochemicals Ltd.’s product. We agree that 19 C.F.R. § 351.525(b)(6)(iv) was inapplicable under the circum- stances in this case and therefore affirm.

BACKGROUND I.

The Tariff Act of 1930 authorizes the U.S. Department of Commerce (“Commerce”) to impose a countervailing duty on imported merchandise to redress the effect of a counter- vailable subsidy provided by the government of the export- ing country. See 19 U.S.C. § 1671(a). Pursuant to this statutory authorization, Commerce generally attributes a subsidy to the products produced by the company that re- ceives the subsidy. See 19 C.F.R. § 351.525(b)(6)(i). How- ever, Commerce may attribute a subsidy to a company other than the company producing the subsidized product when “cross-ownership” exists between two companies. Id. Case: 24-1268 Document: 47 Page: 3 Filed: 10/08/2025

GUJARAT FLUOROCHEMICALS LTD. v. US 3

§ 351.525(b)(6)(iv). 1 In other words, Commerce may attrib- ute a subsidy received by Company A to the products of Company B if these two companies are cross-owned and meet other regulatory requirements. See id. The regula- tion provides that [i]f there is cross-ownership between an input supplier and a downstream producer, and pro- duction of the input product is primarily dedi- cated to production of the downstream product, the Secretary [of Commerce] will attribute sub- sidies received by the input producer to the com- bined sales of the input and downstream products produced by both corporations (exclud- ing the sales between the two corporations).

Id. 2 When Commerce promulgated 19 C.F.R. § 351.525(b)(6)(iv) in 1998, it published a notice of the final

“Cross-ownership exists between two or more cor- porations when one corporation can use or direct the indi- vidual assets of the other corporation(s) in essentially the same ways it can use its own assets.” 19 C.F.R. § 351.525(b)(6)(vii).

For the remainder of this opinion, we cite to the 1998 version of this regulation, which Commerce applied in this case. This regulation has since been updated to more explicitly define the circumstances of when an input is “primarily dedicated” to downstream production. See 19 C.F.R. § 351.525(b)(6)(iv)(B) (2025) (listing several factors that Commerce may consider when determining whether an input product is “primarily dedicated to production of the downstream product”). Commerce has not intervened in this appeal to defend its application of 19 C.F.R. § 351.525(b)(6)(iv) in this matter.

Case: 24-1268 Document: 47 Page: 4 Filed: 10/08/2025

4 GUJARAT FLUOROCHEMICALS LTD. v. US

rule, which the parties refer to as the “CVD Preamble.” In this notice, Commerce explained the purpose of the cross- ownership regulation and provided three examples of when an input was or was not “primarily dedicated” under the regulation. Countervailing Duties, 63 Fed. Reg. 65,348, 65,401 (Int’l Trade Admin. Nov. 25, 1998) (“CVD Pream- ble”).

According to the CVD Preamble, subsidies to (1) semo- lina, an input for the downstream product of pasta, and (2) timber, an input for the downstream product of lumber, were appropriately attributable to the downstream prod- ucts under 19 C.F.R. § 351.525(b)(6)(iv). Id. The CVD Pre- amble also noted that subsidies provided for the production of plastic, an input for the downstream products of automo- biles and appliances, were not appropriately attributable to the downstream products under 19 C.F.R. § 351.525(b)(6)(iv). Id. The CVD Preamble also noted that the subsidies provided for the production of plastic would be better captured through the upstream subsidies statu- tory provision, i.e., a subsidy attribution rule concerning subsidies for inputs which can be attributable to the down- stream product irrespective of whether the input producer and the downstream producer are co-owned. Id. 3

3 An “upstream subsidy” is a countervailable subsidy other than an export subsidy that “is paid or bestowed by an authority . . . with respect to a product (. . . an ‘input product’) that is used in the same country as the authority in the manufacture or production of merchandise which is the subject of a countervailing duty proceeding,” that “be- stows a competitive benefit on the merchandise,” and that “has a significant effect on the cost of manufacturing or pro- ducing the merchandise.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677-1(a).

Case: 24-1268 Document: 47 Page: 5 Filed: 10/08/2025

GUJARAT FLUOROCHEMICALS LTD. v. US 5

II. Commerce’s CVD Order Appellant Daikin America, Inc. (“Daikin”) is a U.S. do- mestic producer of polytetrafluoroethylene (“PTFE”) resin.

On January 27, 2021, Daikin filed antidumping and coun- tervailing duty petitions on imports of granular PTFE resin from India and Russia. Commerce initiated a coun- tervailing duty investigation during April 1, 2019, through March 31, 2020, also referred to as the period of investiga- tion (“POI”). Commerce selected appellee Gujarat Fluoro- chemicals Ltd. (“Gujarat”), an Indian resin manufacturer, as the sole mandatory respondent in the investigation.

In March 2022, Commerce issued a countervailing duty order on imports of PTFE resin from India and Russia, as- sessing against Gujarat a 31.89% countervailing duty rate (“CVD rate”). Granular Polytetrafluoroethylene Resin from India and the Russian Federation: Countervailing Duty Or- ders, 87 Fed. Reg. 14509, 14510 (Dep’t Com. Mar. 15, 2022), J.A. 1086–88. Part of this 31.89% CVD rate included a 26.50% CVD rate stemming from Commerce’s application of the cross-ownership regulation at 19 C.F.R. § 351.525(b)(6)(iv). Commerce determined that a subsidy in the form of a lease of land received by non-party Inox Wind Limited (“Inox”) was attributable to Gujarat because cross-ownership existed between the two companies. 4 Inox is an Indian manufacturer and seller of wind tow- ers. In March 2020, the last month of the POI, Inox sold two windmills to Gujarat. Prior to this sale, Inox tested the windmills and sold to Gujarat all the wind power produced by the windmills during the testing period. This wind

4 Prior to the POI, the Indian government provided Inox with a discounted 30-year lease of a tract of land, which no party disputes is a subsidy for purposes of this appeal.

Case: 24-1268 Document: 47 Page: 6 Filed: 10/08/2025

6 GUJARAT FLUOROCHEMICALS LTD. v. US

power was commingled with power from other sources, which was then used to power Gujarat’s production facility, also referred to as the “Dahej Unit.” The Dahej Unit man- ufactured all Gujarat’s merchandise, including the subject merchandise of PTFE resin and various other non-subject merchandise. The wind power from Inox constituted only 1.03% of the total power consumed at the Dahej Unit, with only 0.07% of that power being dedicated to the production of PTFE resin.

Because Inox sold wind energy to Gujarat, and only Gujarat, Commerce determined that the wind energy was an “input” under 19 C.F.R. § 351.525(b)(6)(iv) that was “primarily dedicated to the production of downstream prod- ucts produced by [Gujarat].” J.A. 1014; J.A. 1069. Com- merce noted that “[i]n this instance, all of [Inox’s] wind power is supplied to [Gujarat] through a common energy pool, specifically for [Gujarat’s] use,” and that “[Gujarat]. . . paid [Inox] to generate a certain amount of wind power.”

J.A. 1014. As such, Commerce attributed Inox’s lease sub- sidy to Gujarat in accordance with 19 C.F.R. § 351.525(b)(6)(iv). J.A. 1014; J.A. 1069. Because of this attribution, Commerce arrived at the 31.89% CVD rate.

Commerce did not conduct an upstream subsidy investiga- tion for Inox’s wind energy to determine whether the wind energy should have been subject to an upstream subsidy but instead applied the cross-ownership regulation.

III. Proceedings before the Trade Court Gujarat appealed Commerce’s CVD determination to the Court of International Trade (“Trade Court”), arguing that Commerce misinterpreted “primarily dedicated” in 19 C.F.R. § 351.525(b)(6)(iv), resulting in an erroneous deter- mination that the regulation applied to the facts here. The Trade Court agreed with Gujarat. Gujarat Fluorochemi- cals Ltd. v. United States, 617 F. Supp. 3d 1328, 1338 (Ct. Int’l Trade 2023). According to the Trade Court, Commerce determined that Inox’s energy was “primarily dedicated” to Case: 24-1268 Document: 47 Page: 7 Filed: 10/08/2025

GUJARAT FLUOROCHEMICALS LTD. v. US 7

Gujarat’s downstream production because all of Inox’s wind energy was consumed by Gujarat. Id. at 1335. But, according to the Trade Court, whether the downstream producer consumes the input is not the standard for deter- mining whether an input is “primarily dedicated” under the regulation. Id. at 1336. Rather, according to the Trade Court, the “primarily dedicated” standard focuses on the “role the input performs as a ‘link’ in the production chain.” Id. The Trade Court arrived at this conclusion by relying on the examples Commerce highlighted in the CVD Pream- ble. Id. at 1336–38.

The Trade Court remanded and instructed Commerce to delete the 26.50% rate because Inox’s land subsidy was not attributable to Gujarat under the cross-ownership reg- ulation at 19 C.F.R. § 351.525(b)(6)(iv). Id. at 1342. Com- merce, under respectful protest, removed the 26.50% rate.

The Trade Court then affirmed Commerce’s remand and entered judgment. Gujarat Fluorochemicals Ltd. v. United States, 662 F. Supp. 3d 1371, 1377 (Ct. Int’l Trade 2023).

Daikin appeals. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(5).

STANDARD OF REVIEW We review decisions of the Trade Court de novo and ap- ply the same standard the Trade Court used. Sunpreme Inc. v. United States, 946 F.3d 1300, 1308 (Fed. Cir. 2020).

Under that standard, we uphold Commerce’s determina- tions unless they are “unsupported by substantial evidence on the record, or otherwise not in accordance with law.” Id. (citation modified). Questions of regulatory interpretation we review de novo. See Solar Energy Indus. Assoc. v. United States, 86 F.4th 885, 894 (Fed. Cir. 2023).

DISCUSSION The issue on appeal is one of regulatory interpretation.

The parties dispute whether Inox’s wind energy was “pri- marily dedicated” to Gujarat’s downstream production Case: 24-1268 Document: 47 Page: 8 Filed: 10/08/2025

8 GUJARAT FLUOROCHEMICALS LTD. v. US

under 19 C.F.R. § 351.525(b)(6)(iv). According to appel- lant, Inox’s wind energy was “primarily dedicated” under the regulation because Inox’s wind energy went entirely to Gujarat’s Dahej Unit. Appellant Br. 17 (noting that “all of the input produced by the cross-owned supplier [was] used in the production of the downstream product”). 5 Appellee disagrees, arguing that primary, or sole, consumption of the input by the downstream producer is not sufficient to trigger the application of 19 C.F.R. § 351.525(b)(6)(iv). See Appellee Br. 35. According to appellee, if consumption were the standard, then 19 C.F.R. § 351.525(b)(6)(iv) would apply “in any situation, no matter how insignificant the in- put, as long as all of that input is sold to the producer of the downstream product.” Id. Rather, according to appel- lee, the “primarily dedicated” analysis is fact-specific, con- sidering the “input producer’s operations, as well as the nature of the input and the downstream products.” Id. at 37. For the reasons discussed below, we agree with appel- lee.

5 The parties also disagree as to the meaning of “downstream product” in this provision. Appellant argues that “downstream product” refers not only to a singular product but to a group of products. Appellant Br. 15–16.

Appellee argues that this provision refers only to a singular product, i.e., the subject merchandise under review. Appel- lee Br. 17–18. We do not reach this issue because we re- solve the appeal based on the meaning of “primarily dedicated to production of the downstream product.” Like the Trade Court concluded, under the correct application of “primarily dedicated,” Inox’s wind energy was not primar- ily dedicated to any of the downstream products produced at the Dahej Unit, and, thus, the regulation would not ap- ply regardless of whether “downstream product” referred to more than one product. See Gujarat, 617 F. Supp. 3d at 1336.

Case: 24-1268 Document: 47 Page: 9 Filed: 10/08/2025

GUJARAT FLUOROCHEMICALS LTD. v. US 9

“A regulation is not ambiguous merely because discern- ing the only possible interpretation requires a taxing in- quiry.” Kisor v. Wilkie, 588 U.S. 558, 575 (2019) (quotations omitted). Even when an agency regulation “make[s] the eyes glaze over,” a court can still arrive at the unambiguous answer by applying traditional tools of regu- latory construction. Id. These tools include a careful re- view of the text, structure, history, and purpose of the regulation. Id. Thus, if a court can discern the unambigu- ous meaning of the regulation after this searching exercise, then the court need not defer to the agency’s interpretation of the regulation. Id. The regulation provides that [i]f there is cross-ownership between an input supplier and a downstream producer, and pro- duction of the input product is primarily dedi- cated to production of the downstream product, the Secretary [of Commerce] will attribute sub- sidies received by the input producer to the com- bined sales of the input and downstream products produced by both corporations (exclud- ing the sales between the two corporations). 19 C.F.R. § 351.525(b)(6)(iv) (emphasis added). The regu- latory language on its face focuses on whether the “produc- tion of the input” is “primarily dedicated to production of the downstream product.” Id. Notably, the regulation does not focus on whether the downstream product primarily consumes the input. While the regulation requires some level of connection between the production of the input product and the production of the downstream product, the exact level of connection is unclear.

The purpose and the history of 19 C.F.R. § 351.525(b)(6)(iv), however, assist in providing a clear un- derstanding of “primarily dedicated to production of the downstream product.” According to the CVD Preamble, subsidies will be attributable when “the purpose of a Case: 24-1268 Document: 47 Page: 10 Filed: 10/08/2025

10 GUJARAT FLUOROCHEMICALS LTD. v. US

subsidy provided to the input producer is to benefit the pro- duction of both the input and downstream products.” CVD Preamble, 63 Fed. Reg. at 65401 (emphasis added). 6 In other words, there must be some type of connection be- tween the production of the input product and the produc- tion of the downstream products that the subsidies on the former benefit the latter. The CVD Preamble does not ex- plicitly list all scenarios where such a connection is pre- sent. See id. It, however, provides examples that are instructive here. Id. First, the CVD Preamble explains that it would be reasonable to attribute “stumpage subsi- dies on timber that was primarily dedicated to lumber pro- duction and subsidies to semolina primarily dedicated to pasta production.” Id. Second, the CVD Preamble explains that it would be unreasonable to attribute subsidies “to a plastics company to the production of cross-owned corpora- tions producing appliances and automobiles.” Id. The in- put product (plastic) was consumed by the automobile and appliance producers, yet subsidies received for the produc- tion of plastic were not attributed to the downstream pro- ducers of automobiles and appliances. Id. Commerce

6 In our own independent analysis of the regulatory provision, we look to the CVD Preamble as a source of the purpose and history of the regulation. Based on the brief- ing in this appeal, the CVD Preamble is relied on by both parties as the source of the history and purpose of the cross- ownership provision. See Appellant Br. 21–22; see also Ap- pellee Br. 13. Such resort to a preamble as indicative of a regulation’s history and purpose is common. See, e.g., Wy- oming Outdoor Council v. U.S. Forest Serv., 165 F.3d 43, 53 (D.C. Cir. 1999) (explaining that courts “have often rec- ognized that the preamble to a regulation is evidence of an agency’s contemporaneous understanding of its proposed rules,” and that like with statutory construction, a “pream- ble of a statute . . . may aid in achieving a general under- standing of the statute” (quotations removed)).

Case: 24-1268 Document: 47 Page: 11 Filed: 10/08/2025

GUJARAT FLUOROCHEMICALS LTD. v. US 11

explained that “[w]here we are investigating products such as appliances and automobiles, we will rely on the up- stream subsidy provision of the statute to capture any plas- tics benefits which are passed to the downstream producer.” Id. Two takeaways from these examples include: (1) an in- put product and a downstream product that share a physi- cal connection may trigger the application of 19 C.F.R. § 351.525(b)(6)(iv), such as semolina shares with pasta and timber with lumber, and (2) at a minimum, mere consump- tion of the input by the downstream producer is not enough to trigger application of 19 C.F.R. § 351.525(b)(6)(iv).

With these takeaways in mind, 19 C.F.R. § 351.525(b)(6)(iv) requires some level of connection (apart from primary, or sole, consumption) between the produc- tion of the input and the production of the downstream products for the input to be “primarily dedicated to produc- tion of the downstream product.” While we do not define the exact level of connection needed to satisfy this, pri- mary, or sole, consumption alone is too broad of a standard and foreclosed by the CVD Preamble. For if this were the standard, the CVD Preamble’s plastic example would fail.

Additionally, contrary to appellant’s position, that Gu- jarat was the only customer of Inox’s wind energy does not change the outcome here. There is no indication from the regulation or the CVD Preamble that if the downstream producer was the sole customer of the input, that fact alone would trigger the application of 19 C.F.R. § 351.525(b)(6)(iv). Specifically, the timber/lumber, semo- lina/pasta, and plastics/automobiles/appliances examples place no focus on whether the downstream producer was the sole customer of that product. Rather, these examples illustrate that the physical connection between the input and the downstream products is an important considera- tion, and confirm that, consistent with the regulatory Case: 24-1268 Document: 47 Page: 12 Filed: 10/08/2025

12 GUJARAT FLUOROCHEMICALS LTD. v. US

language’s focus on production, consumption alone is not a sufficient connection.

Appellant nevertheless argues that the history and purpose of the regulation support its position. Appellant Br. 22. Specifically, appellant argues that if this court does not apply 19 C.F.R. § 351.525(b)(6)(iv) broadly, the regula- tion’s “goal of preventing circumvention cannot be achieved.” Id. Commerce, however, rejected reasoning like appellant’s when it adopted the “primarily dedicated” lan- guage in 1998.

Leading up to the 1998 promulgation, Commerce re- ceived comments requesting it to automatically attribute subsidies from an input supplier to a downstream producer when cross-ownership existed, regardless of the relation- ship between the input and the downstream product. CVD Preamble, 63 Fed. Reg. at 65400–01. The commenters were seeking to close an alleged “loophole whereby vertically in- tegrated businesses could avoid countervailing duty expo- sure for input subsidies simply by separately incorporating the division that makes the input.” Id. at 65401. Com- merce, however, did not adopt the automatic attribution rule but instead adopted the “primarily dedicated” rule, which, as discussed above, requires some level of connec- tion between the production of the input and the produc- tion of the downstream product. Id. Commerce did so after “a careful review of the upstream subsidy provision of the statute,” signaling that it was relying on the upstream sub- sidy provision to do some lifting in the closing of this loop- hole. Id. Thus, Commerce intended the “primarily dedicated” provision to be narrower than automatic attrib- ution. Id. With that in mind, we reject appellant’s broad reading of the regulation, which would effectively result in a blanket application of 19 C.F.R. § 351.525(b)(6)(iv), much like the automatic attribution rule Commerce rejected long ago.

Case: 24-1268 Document: 47 Page: 13 Filed: 10/08/2025

GUJARAT FLUOROCHEMICALS LTD. v. US 13

In sum, the “primarily dedicated” provision under 19 C.F.R. § 351.525(b)(6)(iv) does not turn on whether the in- put was primarily, or solely, consumed by the downstream producer. Rather, it is a fact-intensive inquiry focused on production which seeks to determine whether the “purpose of a subsidy provided to the input producer is to benefit the production of both the input and downstream products.”

Under a proper reading of 19 C.F.R. § 351.525(b)(6)(iv), we agree with the Trade Court that Inox’s wind energy “cannot be shown on this record to be ‘primarily dedicated’ either to [Gujarat’s] PTFE resin or to the production of any of the other (unidentified) products made at Gujarat’s fa- cilities . . . .” Gujarat, 617 F. Supp. 3d at 1340 (emphasis added). The undisputed facts show that Inox’s wind energy was sold to Gujarat, and only Gujarat. Id. at 1334. But as discussed above, these facts alone are not enough to trigger the “primarily dedicated” provision at 19 C.F.R. § 351.525(b)(6)(iv).

To be clear, we do not hold that wind energy can never be considered an input that is “primarily dedicated” to the production of a downstream product. Whether it can be turns on the facts of the case and the application of the cor- rect “primarily dedicated” standard. Additionally, we do not hold that subsidies on inputs that do not have sufficient connection to a downstream product to trigger the applica- tion of 19 C.F.R. § 351.525(b)(6)(iv) can never be captured by Commerce. To the contrary. As the CVD Preamble notes, such subsidies could be captured by an upstream subsidy investigation, which, for reasons not clear in this record, Commerce simply did not do here.

CONCLUSION We have considered the parties’ remaining arguments and do not find them persuasive. For the foregoing rea- sons, we affirm.

AFFIRMED Case: 24-1268 Document: 47 Page: 14 Filed: 10/08/2025

14 GUJARAT FLUOROCHEMICALS LTD. v. US

COSTS Each party shall bear their own costs.

Case: 24-1268 Document: 47 Page: 15 Filed: 10/08/2025

United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ______________________ GUJARAT FLUOROCHEMICALS LTD., Plaintiff-Appellee v. UNITED STATES, Defendant DAIKIN AMERICA, INC., Defendant-Appellant ______________________ 2024-1268 ______________________ Appeal from the United States Court of International Trade in No. 1:22-cv-00120-TCS, Senior Judge Timothy C.

Stanceu. ______________________ BRYSON, Circuit Judge, concurring.

I concur in the court’s determination that the “cross- ownership” regulation at issue in this case does not justify Commerce’s imposition of a large countervailing duty on the imported PTFE produced by Gujarat based on Guja- rat’s purchase of a small amount of electricity from Inox, which received subsidies from the government of India.

And I agree with the court’s conclusion that neither the language nor the history of the regulation justifies the broad interpretation of the regulation that the appellant asks us to adopt. However, rather than decide the case based solely on whether the purpose of the governmental Case: 24-1268 Document: 47 Page: 16 Filed: 10/08/2025

2 GUJARAT FLUOROCHEMICALS LTD. v. US

subsidy was to benefit the production of both the input and downstream products, I would also hold that the regulation is inapplicable here because the input product (the electric- ity Inox sold to Gujarat) was not “primarily dedicated to the production of the downstream product,” specifically, the PTFE produced and exported by Gujarat.

The Trade Court found that less than one-tenth of one percent of the electricity provided to Gujarat by Inox was used in Gujarat’s production of PTFE. That amount was plainly not enough to justify a conclusion that the electric- ity Inox sold to Gujarat was “primarily dedicated” to the production of the exported PTFE.

The appellant seeks to avoid that problem by arguing that the electricity provided to Gujarat was “primarily ded- icated to the production of the downstream product” be- cause Inox “supplies all of the electricity it produces to the production of downstream products” by Gujarat, “without limitation as to the types of input product, downstream product, or input producers and downstream producers that are covered.” Appellant’s Br. 18. In that respect, the appellant’s theory tracks Commerce’s analysis, which was based on its finding that all the power generated by Inox is sold to Gujarat and thus “had no other purpose outside of [Gujarat’s] overall production chain.” Dep’t of Com., Issues and Decision Memorandum for the Final Affirmative De- termination of the Countervailing Duty Investigation of Granular Polytetrafluoroethylene Resin from India, com- ment 1 at 10 (Jan. 18, 2022), reprinted at JA 1068–69.

That theory is based on an unjustifiably broad inter- pretation of the term “downstream product,” seemingly to include anything produced by Gujarat by using electricity.

Under that theory, it would not matter if none of the elec- tricity sold to Gujarat was used in the production of PTFE or any other product exported to the United States. The appellant’s theory thus effectively rewrites the regulation to apply whenever the input producer provides all or most Case: 24-1268 Document: 47 Page: 17 Filed: 10/08/2025

GUJARAT FLUOROCHEMICALS LTD. v. US 3

of its production of a particular input product to the down- stream producer, regardless of what goods the input prod- uct is used to produce. Neither the plain language of the regulation nor its regulatory history supports that inter- pretation.

I am persuaded by Gujarat’s argument that (1) the term “downstream product” in the regulation refers to the merchandise that is the subject of the countervailing duty claim—in this case, the PTFE exported by Gujarat to the United States—and (2) the input product—in this case, the electricity that Inox sold to Gujarat—was not “primarily dedicated to production of the downstream product.” I would therefore uphold the Trade Court’s decision on that ground as well as the ground relied upon by the court.