Case: 24-1550 Document: 41 Page: 1 Filed: 12/16/2025

NOTE: This disposition is nonprecedential.

United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ______________________

COOPERATIVE ENTERTAINMENT, INC., Plaintiff-Appellant

v.

KOLLECTIVE TECHNOLOGY, INC., Defendant-Appellee ______________________

2024-1550 ______________________

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of California in No. 5:20-cv-07273-EJD, Judge Edward J. Davila. ______________________

Decided: December 16, 2025 ______________________

WILLIAM PETERSON RAMEY, III, Ramey LLP, Houston, TX, argued for plaintiff-appellant.

MICHAEL S. DOWLER, Park, Vaughan, Fleming & Dow- ler LLP, Houston, TX, argued for defendant-appellee. ______________________ Case: 24-1550 Document: 41 Page: 2 Filed: 12/16/2025

2 COOPERATIVE ENTERTAINMENT, INC. v. KOLLECTIVE TECHNOLOGY, INC.

Before MOORE, Chief Judge, STARK, Circuit Judge, and OETKEN, District Judge.1 STARK, Circuit Judge. Cooperative Entertainment, Inc. (“Cooperative”) ap- peals from the district court’s dismissal of its patent in- fringement suit against Kollective Technology, Inc. (“Kollective”) for failure to state a claim. We affirm. I This case was before us previously. In 2022, we re- versed the district court’s judgment dismissing Coopera- tive’s suit on the basis that the claims of the asserted patent, U.S. Patent No. 9,432,452 (“’452 patent”), are di- rected to nonpatentable subject matter under 35 U.S.C. § 101. See Cooperative Ent., Inc. v. Kollective Tech., Inc., 50 F.4th 127, 131 (Fed. Cir. 2022) (“Cooperative I”). In Co- operative I, we described the ’452 patent, which is entitled “Systems and Methods for Dynamic Networked Peer-to- Peer Content Distribution,” as “relat[ing] to systems and methods of structuring a peer-to-peer (P2P) dynamic net- work for distributing large files, namely videos and video games.” Id. at 129. We continued: In prior art systems, video streaming was con- trolled by content distribution networks (CDNs), where content was “distributed directly from the CDN server originating the content.” [’452 pat.] at 3:35-36, 9:50-52. The ’452 patent, in contrast, claims methods and systems for a network in which content distribution occurs “outside controlled net- works and/or [CDNs],” i.e., outside a “static net- work of controlled systems.” Id. at 3:40-43

1 The Honorable J. Paul Oetken, District Judge, United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, sitting by designation. Case: 24-1550 Document: 41 Page: 3 Filed: 12/16/2025

COOPERATIVE ENTERTAINMENT, INC. v. KOLLECTIVE 3 TECHNOLOGY, INC.

(emphasis added), 3:57-58, 5:38-42. It does this with dynamic P2P networks comprising “peer nodes,” i.e., nodes consuming the same content con- temporaneously, that transmit content directly to each other instead of receiving content from the CDN. Id. at 3:55-64, 4:52-60, 5:4-10, 6:40-43, 7:43- 46. To facilitate content distribution, the claimed P2P networks use “content segmentation” in which a video file, for example, is segmented into smaller clips and distributed piecemeal. As a result, view- ers can obtain individual segments as needed, pref- erably from other viewers. Id. at 8:10-12, Figs. 2- 9. Content is segmented using several techniques, including “CDN address resolution, trace route to CDN and the P2P server manager, dynamic feed- back from peers reporting traffic rates between in- dividual peer and its neighbors, round-robin, other server side scheduling/resource allocation tech- niques, and combinations thereof.” Id. at 5:51-56 (emphasis added). 50 F.4th at 129. Among our holdings in Cooperative I was that “[t]here are at least two alleged inventive concepts in claim 1” of the ’452 patent, one of which is the “require[ment]” that “trace routes be used in content segmentation.” Id. at 131 (emphasis added); see also id. at 134 (“Claim 1 requires the content segmentation to be based on trace route.”) (internal quotation marks and ellipses omitted). After reversing on that basis (and others), we remanded to the district court for further proceedings. On remand, Kollective moved to dismiss Cooperative’s first amended complaint (“FAC”), this time for failure to state a claim of infringement. The district court granted the motion and dismissed the FAC, as it failed to plausibly allege that Kollective’s SD ECDN (the “Accused Product”) Case: 24-1550 Document: 41 Page: 4 Filed: 12/16/2025

4 COOPERATIVE ENTERTAINMENT, INC. v. KOLLECTIVE TECHNOLOGY, INC.

infringed independent claims 1 and 5 of the ’452 patent. This dismissal was without prejudice, so Cooperative soon filed a second amended complaint (“SAC”). The SAC expressly acknowledged that “[t]he ’452 pa- tent claims all require segmenting the digital content ac- cording to the trace routes.” J.A. 819-20. The SAC’s only non-conclusory allegation that Kollective’s Accused Prod- uct satisfied this trace route limitation was that it “[u]tiliz[es] pings and traceroutes [to] gather key infor- mation about the surrounding network by monitoring the location of other [mesh] agents and constantly gauging how local area links are performing.” J.A. 823-24, 830. Kollective moved to dismiss the SAC under Rule 12(b)(6), and the district court granted the motion. It found that the SAC “fails to allege facts showing that the Accused Product segments content based on a trace route, and in- stead includes facts that contradict its own infringement theory.” J.A. 10. The court added: “absent from [the SAC] is any allegation that, or explanation how, the Accused Product segments content based on a trace route, no less any facts to support that allegation.” J.A. 8-9. This time the court’s dismissal was with prejudice, “[g]iven that [Co- operative] was unable to cure the deficiencies [previously] identified in the Court’s [prior] Order [dismissing the FAC], [and] that further amendment would be futile.” J.A. 10. Cooperative timely appealed. The district court had ju- risdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331, 1338(a), and we have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(1). II We review a district court’s dismissal of a complaint for failure to state a claim under the law of the applicable re- gional circuit. See Hawk Tech. Sys., LLC v. Castle Retail, LLC, 60 F.4th 1349, 1356 (Fed. Cir. 2023). The Ninth Cir- cuit reviews the grant of a motion to dismiss de novo, Case: 24-1550 Document: 41 Page: 5 Filed: 12/16/2025

COOPERATIVE ENTERTAINMENT, INC. v. KOLLECTIVE 5 TECHNOLOGY, INC.

accepting as true all plausible factual allegations and con- struing any reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff. See Pyankovska v. Abid, 65 F.4th 1067, 1074 (9th Cir. 2023). “[A] district court’s decision dismissing a complaint with prejudice, which thereby denies the plaintiff an oppor- tunity to amend her complaint, is reviewed for abuse of dis- cretion.” Davidson v. Kimberly-Clark Corp., 889 F.3d 956, 963 (9th Cir. 2018); see also Benavidez v. Cnty. of San Di- ego, 993 F.3d 1134, 1141-42 (9th Cir. 2021). “A plaintiff is not required to plead [patent] infringe- ment on an element-by-element basis.” Bot M8 LLC v. Sony Corp. of Am., 4 F.4th 1342, 1352 (Fed. Cir. 2021). In- stead, it is enough that a complaint places the alleged in- fringer on notice of what activity is being accused of infringement. See Disc Disease Sols. Inc. v. VGH Sols., Inc., 888 F.3d 1256, 1260 (Fed. Cir. 2018). Still, “[t]here must be some factual allegations that, when taken as true, articulate why it is plausible that the accused product in- fringes the patent claim.” Bot M8, 4 F.4th at 1353. III Cooperative argues that the district court erred in con- cluding that the SAC fails to plausibly allege infringement. In particular, Cooperative now asserts that the ’452 pa- tent’s “claims are directed to segmenting peer networks, not data or video files.” Open. Br. at 9; see also id. at 8 (“[S]egmentation of data by traceroute is not what is claimed. Rather, it is the segmentation of the peers for con- tent distribution that is claimed.”). Cooperative’s position in this appeal represents a marked departure from the po- sition it has advocated at every prior stage of this proceed- ing. While Cooperative has always previously insisted that the ’452 patent’s claims require the use of trace routes to segment content, Cooperative now, for the first time, ar- gues that “[t]he content segmentation claimed is the seg- mentation of the peer nodes containing content.” Id. at 13 (emphasis added); see also id. at 18 (“The claims of the ’452 Case: 24-1550 Document: 41 Page: 6 Filed: 12/16/2025

6 COOPERATIVE ENTERTAINMENT, INC. v. KOLLECTIVE TECHNOLOGY, INC.

patent have nothing to do with segmenting video or other data files. . . . The unconventional segmentation of the peers containing content . . . by trace route is the claimed invention.”). Cooperative then adds that the SAC ade- quately pleads that Kollective’s Accused Product uses trace routes to segment P2P networks. According to Coopera- tive, that apparently satisfies the trace route limitation, even though the SAC “never alleges using trace routes to segment [content such as] video or other data files.” Id. at 13. The problems with Cooperative’s appellate arguments are almost too numerous to count. They begin with Coop- erative’s characterization of its claims, which is newly minted on appeal and contradicts what Cooperative itself previously persuaded this court its claims mean. Coopera- tive’s arguments to us also conflict with its allegations in the SAC and the intrinsic patent evidence. The district court did not err by dismissing the SAC or abuse its discre- tion by refusing to allow yet another opportunity to amend. A “[C]ourts of appeals generally should not consider is- sues not decided below.” Forshey v. Principi, 284 F.3d 1335, 1355 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (en banc). As we explained nearly thirty years ago: This is an appellate court. By and large, it is our place to review judicial decisions . . . reached by trial courts. No matter how independent an appel- late court’s review of an issue may be, it is still no more than that – a review. With a few notable ex- ceptions, such as some jurisdictional matters, ap- pellate courts do not consider a party’s new theories, lodged first on appeal. If a litigant seeks to show error in a trial court’s overlooking an argument, it must first present that argument to the trial court. In short, this court does not “review” that which was not presented to the district court. Case: 24-1550 Document: 41 Page: 7 Filed: 12/16/2025

COOPERATIVE ENTERTAINMENT, INC. v. KOLLECTIVE 7 TECHNOLOGY, INC.

Sage Prods., Inc. v. Devon Indus., Inc., 126 F.3d 1420, 1426 (Fed. Cir. 1997) (emphasis added). These principles of appellate litigation are so well set- tled, and usually so well understood, that we rarely see them violated as flagrantly as Cooperative has done so here. Cooperative’s briefs emphasize its newfound view that the trace route limitation of claims 1 and 5 pertain to segmenting networks or peer nodes, rather than segment- ing content. However, as even Cooperative was forced to concede, it never presented this theory to the district court. See Oral Arg. at 13:00-15 (“To that extent, yes, Your Honor, then they are new arguments.”).2 To the contrary, on remand after Cooperative I, Coop- erative alleged in its SAC – just as it had in its earlier com- plaints and first appeal – that “[t]he ’452 patent claims all require segmenting the digital content according to the trace routes.” J.A. 819-20; J.A. 192. Nowhere does the SAC allege that the claims instead require segmenting the net- works using trace routes. Cooperative attempts to defend itself by urging us to view its newly crafted theory as “still consistent with” what it argued to the district court. Oral Arg. at 13:00-15. Even if this were true (and it is not, as we explain below, see infra III.B), “the general rule that new arguments will not be de- cided in the first instance on appeal” is not limited to argu- ments that are inconsistent with those that were made to the trial court. Golden Bridge Tech., Inc. v. Nokia, Inc., 527 F.3d 1318, 1323 (Fed. Cir. 2008); see also Sage Prods., 126 F.3d at 1426. “Issues not properly raised before the district court are waived on appeal.” Stauffer v. Brooks Bros. Grp., 758 F.3d 2 Oral argument recording available at https://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/oral-arguments/24- 1550_12032025.mp3. Case: 24-1550 Document: 41 Page: 8 Filed: 12/16/2025

8 COOPERATIVE ENTERTAINMENT, INC. v. KOLLECTIVE TECHNOLOGY, INC.

1314, 1322 (Fed. Cir. 2014). Cooperative did not present to the district court its contention that the trace route limita- tion requires use of trace routes to segment networks. Therefore, this argument is waived. Thus, we must affirm. B In addition to being waived, Cooperative’s new charac- terization of the trace route limitation contradicts the posi- tion it advocated previously, and successfully, in prior proceedings in this same case. Whereas in Cooperative I, Cooperative succeeded in persuading us that the trace route limitation required the use of trace routes to segment content, now it seeks to persuade us instead that trace routes do not need to be used to segment content. Cooper- ative is estopped from pressing this latter position. As we observed in Cooperative I, “Cooperative asserted below [in the FAC] and on appeal that ‘[t]he ’452 patent claims all require segmenting the digital content according to the trace routes.’” 50 F.4th at 133 (quoting J.A. 192 (FAC ¶ 18)) (emphasis added). We agreed with Cooperative, ex- pressly concluding that “Claim 1 requires the content seg- mentation to be based on trace route.” Id. at 134 (emphasis added; internal quotation marks and ellipses omitted); see also id. (“[D]istribution of the content in the system must occur through content segmentation.”). Indeed, this was one of the bases on which Cooperative prevailed on appeal. “Where a party assumes a certain position in a legal proceeding, and succeeds in maintaining that position, he may not thereafter, simply because his interests have changed, assume a contrary position.” New Hampshire v. Maine, 532 U.S. 742, 749 (2001) (internal quotation marks and brackets omitted). This is the doctrine of judicial es- toppel. Id.; see also CRV Enters., Inc. v. United States, 626 F.3d 1241, 1248 (Fed. Cir. 2010). Cooperative is judicially estopped from arguing that its claims do not require use of trace routes to segment content. Thus, again, we must af- firm. Case: 24-1550 Document: 41 Page: 9 Filed: 12/16/2025

COOPERATIVE ENTERTAINMENT, INC. v. KOLLECTIVE 9 TECHNOLOGY, INC.

C Cooperative’s new interpretation of the trace route lim- itation is also meritless. The claims expressly require that “content segmentation is based on [among other things] trace route.” ’452 pat. at 10:49-50; see also id. at 10:42-45 (“wherein the at least one content delivery server computer is operable to . . . use the trace route to segment requested content”); id. at 11:14-16 (“the at least one content delivery server computer segmenting requested content based on . . . trace route”). The prosecution history shows the same. In fact, in the SAC, Cooperative itself unambiguously alleged that “the patentee argued to the U.S. Patent Office . . . that the claims use [trace routes] to further segment the actual con- tent being delivered” and that “using trace route to segment requested content” was novel. J.A. 817 (emphasis added); see also Cooperative I, 50 F.4th at 135 (pointing to Cooper- ative’s statements in prosecution history pertaining to us- ing trace routes in segmenting content). The intrinsic evidence, then, confirms what Coopera- tive has itself argued until this appeal, and what we have held to be the meaning of the trace route limitation: the claims of the ’452 patent require the use of trace routes to segment content.3 Because Cooperative’s newfound

3 We agree with the district court that the SAC fails to adequately allege that Kollective’s Accused Product meets the trace route limitation as properly understood, i.e., as requiring the use of trace routes to segment content. The closest the SAC comes is a single allegation for each claim that the Accused Product utilizes trace routes to “gather key information.” J.A. 823-24, 830 (“The agents in the mesh are constantly aware of their network surround- ings. Utilizing pings and traceroutes, they gather key Case: 24-1550 Document: 41 Page: 10 Filed: 12/16/2025

10 COOPERATIVE ENTERTAINMENT, INC. v. KOLLECTIVE TECHNOLOGY, INC.

characterization of the trace route limitation lacks merit, we must affirm. D Cooperative requests leave to amend to file what would be its fourth complaint in this matter. The district court found that Cooperative’s inability to cure previously iden- tified deficiencies made it appropriate not to offer Cooper- ative another chance to replead, and that any amendment would be futile. Neither of those determinations was an abuse of discretion because, as the Ninth Circuit has often said, futility and the “repeated failure to cure deficiencies by amendments previously allowed” justify denying leave to amend. Leadsinger, Inc. v. BMG Music Pub., 512 F.3d 522, 532 (9th Cir. 2008); see also Cervantes v. Countrywide Home Loans, Inc., 656 F.3d 1034, 1041 (9th Cir. 2011) (“Alt- hough leave to amend should be given freely, a district court may dismiss without leave where a plaintiff’s pro- posed amendments would fail to cure the pleading deficien- cies and amendment would be futile.”). We therefore affirm the district court’s dismissal with prejudice. IV We have considered Cooperative’s remaining argu- ments and find them unpersuasive.4 Accordingly, for the

information about the surrounding network by monitoring the location of other agents and constantly gauging how lo- cal area links are performing.”). As the district court cor- rectly concluded, the mention of “traceroutes” in this allegation does not relate to “content segmentation” but, instead, to “gather[ing] key information.” J.A. 8 (internal quotation marks omitted). 4 The district court additionally held that Coopera- tive “pled away from its theory that the Accused Product Case: 24-1550 Document: 41 Page: 11 Filed: 12/16/2025

COOPERATIVE ENTERTAINMENT, INC. v. KOLLECTIVE 11 TECHNOLOGY, INC.

foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the district court. AFFIRMED Costs Costs to Kollective.

infringes on the claimed unconventional method of seg- menting content based on a trace route,” J.A. 9 (citing Bot M8, 4 F.4th at 1354), given that the SAC alleged that “Kol- lective[’s] SD ECDN relies on conventional protocols that segment video files,” and “segmentation is conventionally used when streaming video files.” J.A. 825; see also J.A. 817-18. Because we have found the other deficiencies dis- cussed in this Opinion are dispositive of this appeal, we do not assess whether this is yet another fatal failing.