Rawleigh, Moses & Co. v. United States

This case* was referred to Trial Commissioner Louis Spector with directions to make findings of fact and recommendation for conclusions of law under the order of reference and Rule 134(h). The commissioner has done so in an opinion and report filed on November 10, 1972. Plaintiff filed no notice of intention to except. On December 22, 1972, defendant duly filed a notice of intention to except. However, on February 7, 1973, defendant filed a request to withdraw its notice of intention to except which has been granted by the court. On February 12, 1973, plaintiff filed a motion under Rule 141(b) moving that the court adopt the commissioner’s opinion, findings of fact and recommended conclusion of law as the basis for its judgment in the case.

Since the court agrees with the commissioner’s opinion, findings of fact and recommended conclusion of law, as hereinafter set forth, it hereby grants plaintiff’s motion and adopts the same as the basis for its judgment in this case without oral argument. Therefore, plaintiff is entitled to recover in accordance therewith and judgment is entered for plaintiff in the total sum of $55,300.40.

*298OPINION OP COMMISSIONER

Plaintiff, a manufacturer of garments, was low bidder in response to 'an invitation for bids (1FB) published by defendant acting through the Defense Personnel Support 'Center (DPSC), a unit of the Defense Supply Agency (DSA). Its offer1 was to supply 57,570 high temperature resistant flying shirts at a unit price of $15.84 (f.o.b. destination) and 56,070 pairs of high temperature resistant flying trousers at a unit price of $25.70 (f.o.b.origin) or$25.84 (f.o.b. destination).

The I'FB contained the following information :

NOTICE TO ALL OFFERORS

The following press release was issued 4 December 1968:

“Brigadier General W. M. Mantz, Commander, Defense Personnel Support Center, announced today that effective 18 December 1968, DPSC was instructing its buyers to include a discount limitation clause in those solicitations where excessive discounts are being encountered and are anticipated. The clause has been in use by other DSA Centers since 1966.

“(For text of clause, see page 56 herein.)”

This case hinges on the proper interpretation of the mentioned “discount limitation clause,” which appeared on page 56, as follows:

170.7 DISCOUNT LIMITATION (DPSC 1969 MAY)

It is understood and agreed that, for the purpose of payments under this contract, an offer of prompt payment discount in excess of two percent shall be considered as a trade or special discount which shall be available to the Government as a reduction from the prices quoted, without regard, to whether invoices are aotualh/ paid within the designated discount period. Offerors who desire to do so may quote customary terms of discount (not in excess of two percent), for prompt payment in addition to any trade or special discount available to the Government, provided such discounts are stated separately in their offers. Unless such trade or special discounts are separately stated, the offeror agrees that, when the discount offered exceeds two percent, the entire *299cliseoimt will be considered as a trade or special discoimt and will not be treated as a discoimt for prompt payment. [Emphasis supplied.]

In the blanks provided therefor, plaintiff had offered the following prompt payment discount:

DISCOUNT FOR PROMPT PAYMENT:

calendar days; 8% 20 calendar days; Net% 30 calendar days * * *

Defendant considered that portion of plaintiff’s prompt payment discount offer reading “2%o% 10 calendar days” to be a trade or special discount, to be taken immediately from the prices bid, thereby reducing them by 2.1 percent to $15.50736 for each shirt, and $25.16030 for each pair of trousers. It awarded the contract at those reduced prices. Also, the award was made f.o.b. destination, and defendant now acknowledges that it incorrectly computed the price for the trousers on the f.o.b. origin bid, thus understating the contract price by $7,733.12.2

Plaintiff’s reaction to the award was a letter of protest to the contracting officer, stating:

We have received the Notice of Award dated October 30, 1969 stating the unit price for the Man’s Flying Shirt to be $15.50786, and for the Man’s Flying Trousers to be $25.16080. [3] Our unit price bid for the shirt was $15.84 and for the trousers was $25.84. This constitutes our protest. We will consult our attorney for the proper legal steps to take.

In the meantime, and without prejudice, we will perform under the contract.

The protest was denied, the contracting officer relying on a decision of the Comptroller General4 for his interpretation of the discount limitation clause.

Plaintiff timely performed under the contract, delivering a total of 58,146 shirts and 56,628 pairs of trousers to DPSC’s facility at Ogden, Utah. Deliveries were made over a period of several months, and plaintiff received 22 partial payments during the course of performance. Upon each delivery, plain*300tiff submitted an invoice to the Atlanta Regional Office of the Defense Contract Administration Services, which, invoices contained the prompt payment discount terms that appeared on plaintiff’s original bid, i.e., 2.1 percent 10 days; 2 percent 20 days; net percent 30 days. This phrase was required to be included by the authorized Government inspector, who would not sign the invoices unless they were presented in a form consistent with the contracting officer’s interpretation of the contract, namely, that the 2.1 percent discount taken at the time of award, was still available to be taken again at time of payment.

In accordance with this interpretation, defendant took an additional prompt payment discount of 2.1 percent on 19 of a total of 22 invoices paid within 10 days, and a discount of 2 percent on one invoice paid within 20 days.5 In summary, plaintiff’s basic price was reduced by 2.1 percent, or $19,923.84 by way of a trade discount. Furthermore, defendant deducted an additional $47,567.28 from partial payments in the form of prompt payment discounts, as above-described.

Shortly after completion of its contractual obligation, plaintiff filed a petition in this court seeking reformation of the contract to reflect an award computed according to its bid. In an amendment to its petition, plaintiff also alleged that defendant, having availed itself of the trade or special discount at time of award, breached the contract by also deducting prompt payment discounts from plaintiff’s invoices.

Defendant’s answer avers, inter alia, that:

For the purpose of expediting proceedings herein, to the extent it may be concluded that plaintiff had an administrative remedy under the disputes procedure of the cited contract, any necessity that such procedure be exhausted as a prerequisite to a decision on the merits by this Court is hereby waived.

The Government also pleads by way of an affirmative defense or set-off that:

* * * [W]ere it to be ruled that the prior reduction (trade discount) of 2%o% upon which the contract was awarded eliminated the 2%0% for consideration as a prompt payment discount when defendant paid invoices *301within 10 days, than [sic] in any event defendant would be entitled to the remaining 2% prompt payment discount when it made payments on plaintiff’s invoices at the awarded price within 20 days. All invoices upon which 2%0% prompt payment discounts were taken * * * were paid within 20 days. Accordingly, were the 2 prompt payment discount held not available to defendant at the awarded price, plaintiff would be entitled to a refund of no more than %0% of the invoices on which the 2%o% "was taken, which amounts to a total sum of $2,078.05.

It appears that the above-quoted discount limitation clause developed out of the following circumstances. During the 1960’s, partly as a result of the Vietnam buildup, Defense Department agencies were relatively slow in paying vouchers. Contractors, aware of the fact that prompt payment discounts are taken into consideration in bid evaluation, frequently offered large prompt payment discounts (for example, 5.1 percent 10 days; 5 percent 20 days) with the realization that the 10-day discount would be taken into consideration in bid evaluation, but would rarely be earned by the Government because of slow payments. DSA had hoped to have the discount limitation clause it developed included in the Armed Services Procurement Regulations (ASPR), but its request was rejected. It was permitted to use the clause as a “deviation” from ASPR for a period of 1 year. The 1-year authorization was subsequently extended several times until May 1971, when a new clause was adopted. The new clause contains the following additional language:

NOTE: If an offeror submits discounts in excess of 2%, the highest of such discounts offered will be treated as a trade discount regardless of any time period attached to such discount. If the same offer also contains a prompt payment discount not in excess of 2%, this will be construed as an intent to offer trade and prompt payment discounts cumulatively. In such case, the trade discount will be deducted from the contract price upon award and the prompt payment discount will be taken, if earned. (For example: Jtfo — 10 calendar days, 3% — 10 calendar days, 1% — 30 calendar days. The 1% — 10 calendar days {being the largest of those in excess of 1%) will be taken as a trade discount and the bid 'price reduced 4% in determining the contract price. The 1%— *302SO days will 1)6 taken as a prompt payment discount, if earned.)

The new language set forth above was added to the discount limitation clause at the suggestion of the Defense Supply Agency Headquarters to resolve a “dichotomy between the Comptroller General’s decisions and the ASBCA case.” 6

Mr. Rose, plaintiff’s president, testified that he had interpreted the original discount limitation clause (the one appearing in his contract) to mean that “the Government ha[d] to make up their [sic] mind to either take the 2%o per cent as a trade discount, or take it as a prompt payment discount, but they [could not] take both.”

The testimony of one of the defendant’s principal witnesses7 is not inconsistent with this interpretation of plaintiff.8 In contrast, the contracting officer testified that it was his interpretation that trade discounts “would be taken off the top.” He acknowledged, however, that the term “ ‘trade discount’ is foreign to our bidding in clothing and textiles.” It was first introduced, he explained, in the wording of the discount limitation clause.

That the DSA did not always take a prompt payment discount “off the top” at time of award, is illustrated by the following example. On May 8, 1969, plaintiff and others were notified by the Defense Supply Agency that Mason & Hughes, Inc., was the successful offeror on a solicitation for 70,461 intermediate cold weather jackets at a unit price of $9.8675 and award was made at that same price. The information to bidders/offerors portion of the IFB on that solicitation contained the identical notice to all offerors concerning the inclusion of the discount limitation clause, and the identical discount limitation clause found in the invitation portion of plaintiff’s contract. Discount terms offered by the successful offeror (Mason & Hughes, Inc.) were 2.05 percent — 10 days; 2 percent — 20 days; 1.95 percent — 30 days.

*303It also should be observed that the discount limitation clause does not appear to have served the historical purpose intended (as above-outlined) in the case of this particular solicitation. The 2.1 percent 10-day prompt payment discount, twice taken under the contracting officer’s interpretation, was not a large discount of the type to be taken into consideration in bid evaluation, and then not earned because of slow payments. That is because this contract further provided that:

* * * Notwithstanding the fact that a blank is provided for a ten (10) day discount, prompt payment discounts offered for payment within less than twenty (20) calendar days will not be considered in evaluating offers for award * * *. However, offered discounts of less than 20 days will be taken if payment is made within the discount period, even though not considered in the evaluation of offers. [Emphasis supplied.]

On this latter point, plaintiff’s president testified that he considered the above-quoted bid evaluation clause along with the discount limitation clause when they first appeared in IFB’s issued by the DSA. He testified that he did not wish “to take any chances on how [the discount limitation clause] would be interpreted,” and therefore sometimes bid 2 percent, 10 days, 1.9 percent, 20 days. Other bids were submitted, however, as in this case, with prompt payment discounts of 2.1 percent, 10 days, 2 percent, 20 days. The witness felt that the Government might take the discount in excess of 2 percent as a trade discount, and then pay in 20, 30, or even 60 days. Mr. Hose also felt that the 0.1 percent was such a very small amount over 2 percent that it would not cause the discount limitation clause to be invoked.

It is apparent from the foregoing that if defendant’s representatives intended to convey the meaning ultimately expressed in the “NOTE” appended in 1971 to the discount limitation clause,9 that meaning was inadequately conveyed in the contract clause as it appeared in plaintiff’s contract.

The first sentence of the latter clause suggests, upon a reasonable reading, that a prompt payment discount in excess of 2 percent will be taken at the time of payment “without *304regard to whether invoices are actually paid within the designated discount period.” It does not infer a discount taken “off the top.”

The second sentence of that clause reasonably suggests that a prompt payment discount may also be taken, but only if separately stated. Plaintiff’s single stated “Discount for Prompt Payment” for 10 and 20 days does not convey an intent to offer such a “separately stated” discount.

The last sentence reiterates the meaning conveyed by the first two sentences and, in addition, strongly infers that only one discount will be taken if, as in this case, it is taken “as a trade or special discount.”

In summary, a reasonable reading of the clause strongly supports the interpretation placed upon it by the contractor, rather than that urged by the contracting officer. Even were that not so, plaintiff would be entitled to prevail in its interpretation10 because it is a reasonable one. As stated by the court in WPC Enterprises, Inc. v. United States:11

* * * It is precisely to this type of contract that this court has applied the rule that if some substantive provision of a government-drawn agreement is fairly susceptible of a certain construction and the contractor actually and reasonably so construes it, in the course of bidding or performance, that is the interpretation which will be adopted — unless the parties’ intention is otherwise affirmatively revealed. [Citing cases.] This rule is fair both to the drafters and to those who are required to accept or reject the contract as proffered, without haggling. * * *

*305That plaintiff’s interpretation of the discount limitation clause is a reasonable one, is perhaps best illustrated by the fact that the ASBCA has also placed the same interpretation upon it.12 In both So-Sew Styles, Inc., ASBCA No. 15467, 71-1 BCA ¶8844, and Chic de Paris Handhag Co., ASBCA No. 14622, 70-1 BCA ¶8160, it was concluded that a discount limitation clause in the form contained in this contract, does not change the normal practice of regarding discounts expressed as these were, as being in the alternative, and not cumulative.13

Furthermore, the contracting officer acknowledged that the term “trade discount” is “foreign to our bidding in clothing and textiles.” So unusual is the offer of a trade discount by contractors regularly supplying clothing and textiles to defendant, that in 1966 the ASBCA held a contracting officer to be on notice of a possible bidding error, when a contractor’s bid appeared to offer a trade discount, in addition to the offer of a prompt payment discount.14

All of the foregoing considered, it is concluded that the bid and resultant contract documents, construed as a whole, manifested an intent on the part of plaintiff to offer a prompt payment discount of 2.1 percent for payment within 10 calendar days; that the discount limitation clause probably contemplated the taking of that discount at time of payment “without regard to whether invoices [were] actually paid within the designated discount period”; that the taking of the discount immediately upon award as a reduction in contract price nevertheless amounted to the same thing, and was reasonably within the contemplation of the clause; but *306that defendant was not thereafter entitled to take the discount again at time of payment. The latter intent is adequately expressed in the “NOTE” added to the discount limitation clause in 1971,15 but it was not so expressed in this contract, nor in the other cases earlier cited in this opinion.16 Having immediately availed itself of the 2.1 percent prompt payment discount (considered as a trade or special discount), defendant improperly deducted further discounts from the invoices submitted by plaintiff during the course of the contract.

Plaintiff is therefore entitled to judgment in the amount of $55,300.40, that being the sum of $47,567.28 in prompt payment discounts erroneously deducted; and $7,738.12 resulting from the contracting officer’s admitted error in computing the award for the trousers on an f.o.b. origin basis, rather than on an f.o.b. destination basis as the contract prescribed.

FINDINGS OF FACT

1. Plaintiff is a North Carolina corporation regularly engaged in the manufacture of garments, with its principal office in Abington, Pennsylvania, and a factory in Fayetteville, North Carolina.

2. On August 25, 1969, the Defense Personnel Support Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, issued an Invitation for Bids (IFB) No. DSA100-70-B-0202, opening date September 16, 1969, for procurement of 57,570 men’s nylon twill, high temperature resistant flying shirts, and 56,070 men’s nylon twill, high temperature resistant flying trousers.

*3073. The information to 'bidders section of the IFB invited attention to, among other things, the following:

NOTICE TO ALL OFFEBOBS

The following press release was issued 4 December 1968:

“Brigadier General W. M. Mantz, 'Commander, Defense Personnel 'Support Center, announced ¡today that effective 18 December 1968, DPSC was instructing its buyers ito include a discount limitation clause in those solicitations where excessive discounts are being encountered and are anticipated. The clause has been in use by other DSA Centers since 1966.

“(For text of clause, see page 56 herein.)”

4. Continuation sheet, DSA100-70-B-0202, page 56, set forth the text of the clause as follows:

170.7 DISCOUNT LIMITATION (DPSC 1969 May) It is understood and agreed that, for the 'purpose of payments under this contract, an offer of prompt payment discount in excess of two percent shall be considered 'as a trade or special discount which shall be available to the Government as a reduction from the prices quoted, without regard, to whether invoices are actually paid within the designated discount period. Offerors who desire to do so may quote customary terms of discount (not in excess of two percent), for prompt payment in addition to any trade or special discount available to the Government, provided sueh discounts are stated separately in their offers. Unless such trade or special discounts are separately stated, the offeror agrees that, when the discount offered exceeds two percent, the entire discount will he considered as a trade or special discount and will not he treated as a discount for prompt payment. [Emphasis supplied.]

5. On September 12, 1969, in response to this IFB, plaintiff through its president, Morton M. Bose, submitted an offer to supply 57,570 shirts ‘at a unit price of $17.30 each (f.o.b. destination), and ¡56,070 pairs of trousers at a unit price of $28.16 (f.o.b. origin), or $28.30 (f.oJb. destination).

6. By telegram dated September 16, 1969, plaintiff unilaterally reduced its offer to $15.84 per shirt (f.o.b. destination) , and to $25.70 per pair of trousers (f.o.b. origin) or $25.84 (f.o.b. destination)’

*3087. Plaintiff’s offer also contained the following information in the blanks provided therefor in box 16 of GS A Standard Form 33 (July 1966 ed.) :

DISCOUNT FOE PROMPT PAYMENT:

%y10% 10 calendar days; 2% 20 calendar days; Net% 30 calendar days * * *

8. Plaintiff was the low bidder, and was awarded contract No. DSA100-70-C-0857 effective October 30,1969.

9. Under the above-quoted clause 170.7 of the Solicitation, Offer, and Award, defendant unilaterally considered that portion of plaintiff’s prompt payment discount offer reading “2Y10% 10 calendar days” to be a trade or special discount. It took an immediate discount from the prices bid of 2.1 percent to $15.50736 for each shirt, and $25.16030 for each pair of trousers, and awarded the contract at those prices. The award was made on an f .o.b. destination basis, but erroneously computed on the basis of plaintiff’s f.oJb. origin bid for the trousers. (See finding 21 infra.)

10. In letter of November 25, 1969, plaintiff protested the award at these reduced prices. The text of the letter of protest, directed to Willard C. Reeder, the contracting officer, is as follows:

We have received the Notice of Award dated October 30,1969 stating the unit price for the Man’s Flying Shirt to be $15.50786, and for the Man’s Flying Trousers to be $25.16080. [1] Our unit price bid for the shirt was $15.81 and for the trousers was $25.84. This constitutes our protest. We will consult our attorney for the proper legal steps to take.

In the meantime, and without prejudice, we will perform under the contract.

11. In response to plaintiff’s protest, the contracting officer, by letter dated December 15, 1969, wrote:

* * * [I]n accordance with the Discount Limitation Clause contained on page 56 of the Invitation portion of your contract, your 2%0% discount was evaluated as a trade discount which resulted in an immediate reduction in the unit price offered by you on Shirts *309from $15.84 to $15.50736 and Trousers from $25.70 to $25.16030.

The legality and the proper interpretation of the aforesaid clause were fully discussed in Comptroller General Decision B-167984 dated 3 December 1969 * * *.

Plaintiff’s protest was denied.

12. As required by the terms of the contract, plaintiff submitted all of its invoices for partial payments to the Atlanta Regional Office of the Defense Contract Administration Services on DD Form 250. Inserted in block 5 of each DD Form 250 was the heading, “Discount Terms,” followed by the same language contained in plaintiff’s offer “2y10% 10 calendar days; 2% 20 calendar days; Net% 30 calendar days.” This phrase was required to be included by the authorized Government inspector, who would not sign the invoices unless they were presented in a form consistent with the Government’s interpretation of the contract, as expressed in the contracting officer’s decision denying plaintiff’s protest, namely, that the 2.1 percent discount taken at the time of award, was still available to be taken again at time of payment.

13. The Government made a total of 22 partial payments on this contract.2 On 19 of these partial payments made by the Defense Supply Agency (DSA) on invoices submitted by plaintiff during the life of the contract, defendant (in addition to the 2.1 percent taken as a trade discount at time of award) deducted 2.1 percent of the invoice as a 10-day prompt payment discount. On partial payment No. 17, defendant (in addition to the 2.1 percent taken as a trade discount at time of award) deducted 2 percent as a 20-day prompt payment discount. On the final two payments, no prompt payment discount was earned or taken.

14. The trade or special discount by which defendant reduced plaintiff’s offer at the time of award, amounted to $0.33264 per unit for the 58,146 shirts actually delivered, or $19,361.71; and $0.5397 per unit for the 56,628 pairs of trousers actually delivered, or $30,562.13. The aggregate amount by which plaintiff’s offer was thus reduced equals $49,923.84.

*31015. The prompt payment discounts thereafter also deducted from partial payments made during the contract, as above-outlined, total $47,567.2,8. (Of this amount, $4-3,639.08 was for payments made within 10 days at 2.1 percent, and $3,928.20 was for a payment made within 20 days at 2 percent.)

16. On November 2, 1970, plaintiff filed a petition in this court seeking reformation of the aforesaid contract to reflect its bid prices of $15.84 each for 58,146 shirts, and $25.84 per pair for 56,631 pairs of trousers.

17. Defendant’s answer, filed February 26, 1971, denies liability and alleges that plaintiff’s bids were properly reduced by a trade discount of 2yz% [sic]. Defendant further avers:

For the purpose of expediting proceedings herein, to the extent it may be concluded that plaintiff had an administrative remedy under the disputes procedure of the cited contract, any necessity that such procedure be exhausted as a prerequisite to a decision on the merits by this Court is hereby waived.

18. On June 4, 1971, plaintiff filed its first amendment to petition, alleging that defendant, having availed itself of a trade or special discount of 2.1 percent, breached its contract with plaintiff by further deducting from plaintiff’s invoices prompt payment discounts of 2.1 percent; or, in the alternative, that the trade or special discount had been erroneously taken by defendant at time of award.

19. In its answer to first amendment to petition, filed July 6, 1971, defendant admits that it considered plaintiff’s offer of 2.1 percent prompt payment discount as a trade or special discount, and avers that it also took prompt payment discounts of $43,639.08 for payments made within 10 days, and $3,928.20 for payments made within 20 days.

20. By way of an affirmative defense or set-off, defendant further asserts:

* * * [W]ere it to be ruled that the prior reduction (trade discount) of 21/]0% upon which the contract was •awarded eliminated the 2%o% for consideration as a prompt payment discount when defendant paid invoices within 10 days, than [sic] in any event defendant would be entitled to the remaining 2% prompt payment dis*311count wlien it made payments on plaintiff’s invoices at the awarded price within 20 days. All invoices upon which 2% o % prompt p ayment discounts were taken* * * were paid within 20 days. Accordingly, were the 2%0% prompt payment discount held not available to defendant at the awarded price, plaintiff would be entitled to a refund of no more than of the invoices on which the 2%0% was taken, which amounts to a total sum of $2,078.05.

21. Defendant now admits that the contracting officer incorrectly computed the unit price for the men’s trousers on the 'basis of plaintiff’s f.o.b. origin bid, whereas the contract called for delivery f.o.b. destination. The notice of award therefore erroneously indicated the price for the trousers to be $25.16030 per unit, that being the unit f.o.b. origin bid reduced by the trade discount of 2.1 percent. The unit price for the men’s trousers should have been computed on plaintiff’s f.o.b. destination bid of $25.84 per unit, less 2.1 percent trade discount, or $25.29736. The notice of award therefore understated the contract price. By reason of this error in the award notice, plaintiff is admittedly entitled to recover the difference between the correct unit price (computed on plaintiff’s f.o.b. destination bid) and the unit price that erroneously appeared in the notice of award, for each pair of trousers actually delivered. Defendant agrees that plaintiff is entitled to recover $7,738.12 on this account.

22. It appears that the discount limitation clause (finding 4 supra) developed out of the following circumstances. During the 1960’s, partly as a result of the Vietnam buildup, Defense Department agencies were relatively slow in paying vouchers. 'Contractors, aware of the fact that prompt payment discounts are taken into consideration in bid evaluation, frequently offered large prompt payment discounts (for example, 5.1 percent 10 days; 5 percent 20 days) with the realization that the 20-day discount would be taken into consideration in bid evaluation, but would rarely be earned by the Government because of slow payments.

DSA hoped to have its discount limitation clause included in the Armed Services Procurement Regulations (ASPR) but its request was rejected. It was permitted 'to use the clause as a “deviation” from ASPR for a period of 1 year. The *3121-year authorization was subsequently extended several times until May 1971, when a new clause was adopted. The new clause contains the following additional language:

NOTE: If an offeror submits discounts in excess of 2%, the highest of such discounts offered will be treated as a trade discount regardless of any time period attached to such discount. If the same offer also contains a prompt payment discount not in excess of 2%, this will be construed 'as an intent to offer trade and prompt payment discounts cumulatively. In such case, the trade discount will be deducted from the contract price upon award and the prompt payment discount will be taken, if earned. (For example: l¡.°fo — 10 calendar days, 8% — W calendar days, —30 calendar days. The l$o- — 10 cedendar days {being the largest of those in excess of 2%) will be taken as a trade discount and the bid price reduced 1¡.% in determining the contract pnce. The 2% — 80 days will be taken as a prompt payment discount, if earned.)

The new language set forth above was added to the discount limitation clause at the suggestion of the Defense Supply Agency Headquarters to resolve a “dichotomy between the Comptroller General’s decisions and the ASBCA case.” This last is quoted from the testimony of Mr. Grover Dean Fogle (finding 24 infra). The “ASBCA case” referred to is So-Sew Styles, Inc., ASBCA No. 15467, 71-1 BCA ¶8844, dated approximately 1 month prior to the addition of the foregoing “NOTE” to the discount limitation clause.

23. Mr. Bose, president of plaintiff company, testified that he interpreted the original discount limitation clause in this contract to mean that “the Government ha[d] to make up their [sic] mind to either take the 2y10 per cent as a trade discount, or take it as a prompt payment discount, but they [could not] take both.”

24. Grover Dean Fogle, Chief, Policy Branch, Procurement Division, DSA, testified on cross-examination that when a prompt payment discount was considered as a trade discount, it would not also be treated as a prompt payment discount. His testimony at this point reads as follows:

Q. This clause reads — the last phrase:

“The bidder agrees that, when the discount offered exceeds two per cent, the entire discount will be con*313sidered as a trade or special discount and will not be treated as a discount for prompt payment.”

Now, suppose there was a 5 per cent discount offered, 5 per cent for 5 days, 20 days, whatever it was, but if you took that 5 per cent as a trade discount, you wouldn’t think of it again as a 5 per cent prompt payment discount under this clause, would you ?

A. Not under the example you gave. If we had 5 per cent, 10 days; 2 per cent, 20; net, 30.

Q,. No, I am just saying a pure 5 per cent discount.

A. We would convert the 5 per cent to a trade discount, consider it in bid evaluation, take it off the unit price.

Q. But then you wouldn’t treat it as a prompt payment discount. That is what the clause says, doesn’t it ?

A. We wouldn’t treat that 6 per cent as that, no, sir.

25. Willard C. Reeder, the contracting officer, testified on the other hand that it was his interpretation that trade discounts “would be taken off the top.” He also testified, however, that the term “ ‘trade discount’ is foreign to our bidding in clothing and textiles.” It was first introduced, he explained, by the wording of the discount limitation clause. Prompt payment discounts would also be weighed in evaluating the bids (consistent with the provisions of Article 9 of Standard Form 33A (July 1966 ed.)).3 Article 9 was included in the contract between DPSC and plaintiff herein, as modified by Section 110.6 of the Solicitation, Offer, and Award.

26. Section 170.6, Discounts (1968 SEP) contained the following language:

In accordance with subparagraph (a) of the clause entitled “Discounts” in the Solicitation Instructions and *314Conditions (Standard Form 33A) prompt payment discounts will be considered in the evaluation of offers provided the minimum period for the offered discount is:

(i) 20 days from date of delivery of the supplies to carrier when acceptance is at point of origin.

(ii) 30 days where delivery and acceptance are at destination.

The offered discount of a successful offeror will form a part of the award whether or not such discount was considered in the evaluation of his offer and. such discount will be taken if payment is made within the discount period.

Subparagraph (b) of the clause entitled “Discounts” on Standard Form 33A, “Solicitation Instructions and Conditions” is amended in the third line, by deleting “delivery and acceptance are” and inserting “acceptance is”.

27. Mr. Rose, president of plaintiff company, studied the language of the discount limitation clause when it first appeared in Defense Supply Agency invitations, and was aware of its presence in this IFB. Further, it was considered, along with the other clauses in preparing a bid on the instant procurement. Mr. Rose testified that he did not wish “to take any chances on how [the discount limitation clause] would be interpreted,” and therefore sometimes bid 2 percent, 10 days, 1.9 percent, 20 days. Other bids were submitted, however, as in this case, with prompt payment discounts of 2.1 percent, 10 days, 2 percent, 20 days. The witness felt that the Government might take the discount in excess of 2 percent as a trade discount, and then pay in 20, 30, or even 60 days. Mr. Rose also felt that the 0.1 percent was such a very smal] amount over 2 percent that it would not cause the discount limitation clause to be invoked.

28. That the DSA did not always take a prompt payment discount “off the top” at time of award, is illustrated by the following example. On May 8,1969, plaintiff and others were notified by the Defense Supply Agency that Mason & Hughes, Inc., was the successful offeror on solicitation DSA100-69-B-1502 for 70,461 intermediate cold weather jackets at a unit price of $9.8675, and award was made at that same price. The information to bidders/offerors portion of the IFB on that solicitation (DSA100-69-B-1502) contained both the same notice to all offerors concerning the inclusion of the *315discount limitation clause (see finding 3 supra) and the identical discount limitation clause (see finding 4 supra) found in the invitation portion of plaintiff’s contract. Discount terms offered by the successful offeror were 2.05 percent — 10 days, 2 percent — 20 days, 1.95 percent — 30 days. It is observed that the offer of discount for payment within 10 days exceeds 2 percent.

CONCLUSION OF LAW

Based upon the foregoing findings of fact and opinion which are adopted 'by the court and made a part of the judgment herein, the court concludes as a matter of law:

(1) that plaintiff is entitled to recover .the sum of forty-seven thousand, five hundred sixty-seven dollars and twenty-eight cents ($47,561.28) for discounts wrongfully deducted (see finding 15 supra) and

(2) that plaintiff is entitled to recover in addition the sum of seven thousand, seven hundred thirty-three dollars and twelve cents ($7,733.12) for the admitted understatement in the contract price in the notice of award (see finding 21 supra).

Judgment is accordingly entered for plaintiff in the total sum of fifty-five thousand, three hundred dollars and forty cents ($55,300.40).