Industrial Chems., Inc. v. United States

Choe-Groves, Judge: Plaintiff Industrial Chemicals, Inc. ("Industrial Chemicals") brings this action pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1581 (a) (2012), contesting the denial of its protest by U.S. Customs and Border Protection ("Customs"). Plaintiff argues that Customs improperly denied its protest regarding retroactive duty-free treatment for its merchandise under the Generalized System of Preferences ("GSP").

Before the court is the Motion to Dismiss filed by Defendant United States. See Def.'s Mot. Dismiss, Jan. 19, 2018, ECF No. 12 ("Def.'s Mot."). Defendant requests that the court dismiss the action for lack of subject matter jurisdiction under USCIT Rule 12(b)(1) and for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted under USCIT Rule 12(b)(6). See id. at 1 . For the following reasons, the court grants Defendant's motion.

PROCEDURAL HISTORY

GSP provides duty-free treatment for eligible articles from certain "beneficiary developing countr[ies]," including India. 19 U.S.C. § 2461 ; see also General Note 4(a), Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (2013) (listing India as a designed beneficiary developing country for GSP purposes). GSP expired on July 31, 2013. See Pub. L. No. 112-40, § 1, 125 Stat. 401 , 401 (2011). During the lapse of GSP, Industrial Chemicals imported several entries of organic chemicals under Subheadings 2917.34.0150 and 2917.32.000 of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States. See Compl. ¶ 6, Oct. 16, 2017, ECF No. 6. Plaintiff imported the sixty-five entries of chemicals at issue from India between August 4, 2013 and October 22, 2014. See Summons, July 11, 2017, ECF No. 1; Compl. ¶ 9. If GSP had been in effect at the time of entry, Plaintiff's merchandise *1329 would have been eligible for duty-free treatment. See Compl. ¶ 6.

Congress renewed GSP on June 29, 2015. See Trade Preferences Extension Act of 2015, Pub. L. No. 114-27, § 201, 129 Stat. 362 , 371 (2015). The statute states, in relevant part:

SEC. 201. EXTENSION OF GENERALIZED SYSTEM OF PREFERENCES.

....

(b) EFFECTIVE DATE.-

....

(2) RETROACTIVE APPLICATION FOR CERTAIN LIQUIDATIONS AND RELIQUIDATIONS.-

(A) IN GENERAL.-Notwithstanding section 514 of the Tariff Act of 1930 ( 19 U.S.C. 1514 ) or any other provision of law and subject to subparagraph (B), any entry of a covered article to which duty-free treatment or other preferential treatment under title V of the Trade Act of 1974 ( 19 U.S.C. 2461 et seq. ) would have applied if the entry had been made on July 31, 2013, that was made-

(i) after July 31, 2013; and

(ii) before the effective date specified in paragraph (1), shall be liquidated or reliquidated as though such entry occurred on the effective date specified in paragraph (1).

(B) REQUESTS.-A liquidation or reliquidation may be made under subparagraph (A) with respect to an entry only if a request therefor is filed with U.S. Customs and Border Protection not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act that contains sufficient information to enable U.S. Customs and Border Protection-

(i) to locate the entry; or

(ii) to reconstruct the entry if it cannot be located.

Id. The renewing legislation allowed importers to request retroactive application of GSP within 180 days after the date of the statute's enactment, which was December 28, 2015. Id.

Due to a misunderstanding between Industrial Chemicals and its customs broker, World Commerce, Industrial Chemicals did not submit its request for retroactive GSP treatment by the deadline. See Compl. ¶¶ 12-19. World Commerce sent a letter to Customs requesting a refund on February 2, 2016. See id. at ¶ 20; see also Compl. Ex. E. Customs returned the letter with a handwritten note at the bottom, stating that the agency could not process the request because it was submitted past the December 28, 2015 deadline. See Compl. Ex. F. Industrial Chemicals filed a protest, which Customs denied as untimely because it was not filed within 180 days after the date of liquidation. See Compl. Ex. G. Plaintiff initiated this action. See Summons; Compl.

ANALYSIS

Defendant moves first to dismiss Plaintiff's complaint for lack of subject matter jurisdiction pursuant to USCIT Rule 12(b)(1). See Def.'s Mot. 1.

The U.S. Court of International Trade, like all federal courts, is one of limited jurisdiction and is "presumed to be without jurisdiction unless the contrary appears affirmatively from the record." DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. United States , 442 F.3d 1313 , 1318 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (internal quotations omitted). The party invoking jurisdiction must "allege sufficient facts to establish the court's jurisdiction," id. (citing McNutt v. Gen. Motors Acceptance Corp. of Ind. , 298 U.S. 178 , 189, 56 S.Ct. 780 , 80 L.Ed. 1135 (1936) ), and therefore "bears the burden of establishing it."

*1330 Norsk Hydro Can., Inc. v. United States , 472 F.3d 1347 , 1355 (Fed. Cir. 2006). The Court is empowered to hear civil actions brought against the United States pursuant to the specific grants of jurisdiction enumerated under 28 U.S.C. § 1581 (a) - (i). The court must draw all reasonable inferences in the non-movant's favor when deciding a motion to dismiss. See Henke v. United States , 60 F.3d 795 , 797 (Fed. Cir. 1995).

Plaintiff pleads jurisdiction on the basis of 28 U.S.C. § 1581 (a), see Compl. ¶ 3, which grants this Court "exclusive jurisdiction of any civil action commenced to contest the denial of a protest, in whole or in part, under section 515 of the Tariff Act of 1930." 28 U.S.C. § 1581 (a). The Tariff Act establishes a process for the administrative review of protests. A party may protest a decision made by Customs within 180 days after the date of liquidation or reliquidation of the merchandise. 19 U.S.C. § 1514 (c)(3)(a). The statute directs Customs to assess the protest in a timely manner. 19 U.S.C. § 1515 . If a party requests accelerated disposition of a protest, Customs has thirty days to render a final decision. Id. ; see also 19 C.F.R. § 174.22 . A party may protest specific actions taken by Customs, as enumerated in the statute. 19 U.S.C. § 1514 (a).

The question of jurisdiction turns on whether Plaintiff challenges a protestable decision made by Customs. Defendant proffers two arguments to support its motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. To the extent that Plaintiff contests the liquidation of its entries, its protest was untimely because it was not filed within 180 days of liquidation of its entries. The court does not have jurisdiction over the invalid protest. In the alternative, Plaintiff contests Customs' refusal to issue the refund, as indicated in the handwritten note. The handwritten note is not a protestable decision. Although Customs makes certain decisions related to the liquidation or reliquidation of merchandise, the plain language of the statute does not appear to give Customs discretion in administering refunds for this particular lapse in GSP. The statute clearly states that importers must submit requests for retroactive application of GSP over certain entries by December 28, 2015. Plaintiff missed this deadline. Because Customs' refusal to process Plaintiff's refund is not a protestable decision under 19 U.S.C. § 1514 (a), the court does not have jurisdiction over this action under 28 U.S.C. 1581(a), and this action is dismissed. Defendant's argument that Plaintiff has failed to state a claim upon which relief can be granted under USCIT Rule 12(b)(6) is moot.

CONCLUSION

For the aforementioned reasons, the court concludes that it does not have subject matter jurisdiction over Plaintiff's action under 28 U.S.C. § 1581 (a). This action is dismissed.