In the case of Marbury v. Madison, 1 Cranch, 137., the court determined, that having, by the constitution, only an appellate jurisdiction, (except in cases of ambassadors, &e.;) and'it being arj essential criterion of appellate jurisdiction, that it revises and corrects the proceedings in a cause already instituted, and does not create that cause: That, although a mandamus may be directed to courts, yet to issue such a writ to an officer for the delivery of a paper, was, in effect, the same as to sustain an original action for that paper, and, therefore, seemed not to belong to appellate, but to original jurisdiction; and that, consequently, the authority given to this court by the 13th section of the judiciary act of 1789, to issue writs of mandamus to “ persons holding office under' the authority of the United States,” was not warranted by the constitution, in M'Intire v. Wood, 7 Cranch, 504., it was decided, that the power of the circuit courts to issue writs of mandamus, is confined by the judiciary act of 1789, exclusively, to those cases in which it may be necessary to the exercise of their jurisdiction. " That case was brought up from the circuit court of' Ohio, upon a certificate, that the judges of that court were divided in opinion upon the question whether that court had the power to issue a writ of mandamus to the register of a land-office in Ohio, commanding him to issue a final certificate of purchase, to the *371 .plaintiff, of certain lands in that state ? In- delivering the opinion cf the court, Mr. . Justice Johnson stated that, “Had the 11th section of the judiciary act covered the whole ground of the constiiutibn, there would be much reason for exercising this power in-many cases, wherein some minis-. terial act is necessary to the completion of an individual fight, ariSing under the laws of the Unite d States, and the 14th section of the samé act would sanction the issuing of the writ for such a purpose. Büt, although the judicial power of the United States extends to cases arising .under the laws of the United States, the legislature has not thought proper to delegate the exercise of that power to its ..circuit courts, except in certain specified cases. When questions arise under those laws in .the state courts, and the party Who claims . a right er privilege under them is unsuccessful, an appeal is given to the supreme co.urt, and this provision the legislature has thought sufficient, at present, for air the political purposes, intended tobe answered by the clausé of the constitution which relates to this subject.” The power of the supreme court to issue writs of mandamus to the other courts of the United States, has been frequently exercised. The United States v. Peters, 5 Cranch, 115, Livingston v. Dorgenois, 7 Cranch, 577. But in the case of Hunter v. Martin’s lessee, ante, vol., I, p. 304., the court, in pronouncing its opinion upon its appellate jurisdiction in causes brought from the highest court of law or equity of a state, deemed it unnecessary to give any. opinion on the question, whether this court has authority to enforce its own'judgments on appeal, by issuing a writ of mandamus to the state court, as the 'question was not thought necessarily, involved in the decision of that cause. Ib. 362.