(Dissenting.) — It is not pretended, that the evidence in this case makes out any specific offence against this vessel. A number of circumstances are collected into one view, which, as the court do not understand, they consider as sanctioning an inference of guilt, and making out a Cause of forfeiture. After giving to these circumstances the utmost weight that can be required, they can be made to amount to no more than the groundwork of a conclusion, that the vessel had been sold to Desmoland, at Baltimore, or L’Amoureaux, at Cayenne, and had afterwards sailed under her original American register. Arguments gratiá, I will concede either fact; and yet I maintain that this vessel cannot be condemned, either under the libel, in its present form, or under the facts thus assumed.

It will be observed, that there is no evidence whatever in the record, relative to the national character of these individuals ; or, if any, it goes to show that L’Amoureaux was an American citizen. Row, it is certain, that they must come within the description of citizens or aliens. But if citizens, the offence of owning a vessel, and not changing her register, is no cause of forfeiture ; the 14th section of this act expressly imposes a pecuniary penality for his offence. In order, then, to maintain this forfeiture, it became indispensable, that these individuals, or at least one of them, *should have been made out in evidence to be an alien. Ro such fact is proved; and this alone is fatal to the purposes of this libel. Both facts, that of being an alien, and that of using the American register, must concur, in order to make out the offence.

2. But had the fact been established in evidence, that one of these individuals was an alien, or even both of them, still, I maintain, that this condemnation ought to be reversed. This libel, it will be observed, is preferred expressly under the provisions of the 27th section of the registering act. By that section, it is enacted, that “ if any certificate of registry or record, shall be fraudulently and knowingly used for any ship or vessel, not then actually entitled to the benefit thereof, according to the true intent and meaning of this act, such ship or vessel shall be forfeited to the United States, with her tackle, apparel and furniture.” The offence, as laid in the libel, is, “ that at and after the departure of this vessel on a voyage, on which, on or before the 1st day of August last, she sailed from the port of Baltimore to Cayenne, and at and before her subsequent arrival at Rew Orleans, from Cayenne aforesaid, which was, &c., a certain certificate of registry or record thereof, made and delivered in pursuance of an act of congress, entitled, an act, &c., to a certain John C. King, of the city of Baltimore aforesaid, mariner, as the owner thereof, was fraudulently or knowingly used for the said vessel, she not then being, to wit, &c., actually entitled *to the benefit thereof, according to the true intent of the said act.”

*183To the decree of forfeiture, founded upon this libel, I entertain two objections, either of which is fatal. In the first place, the forfeiture made out in evidence, is not one comprised within this 27th section. If Desmoland and L’Amoureaux were American citizens, it has already been shorvn, that no forfeiture attaches ; but whether they be citizens or aliens, there exist in this act express provisions, by distinct sections, that embrace their cases. The 14th section relates to the case of an American citizen, and the 16th section to that of an alien or foreigner, who shall cover his interest by an existing register, after a transfer of property in the vessel. I cannot imagine upon what principle this libel can be maintained, under the provisions of the 27th section, when the evidence brings the vessel directly within the 14th or 16th section, if it brings her within the penalties of the law at all. If the answer be, that although the case of this vessel be specifically legislated upon, in distinct sections, yet the 27th will cover the same ground, and she may be libelled under either ; my answer is, that the conclusion of law is directly the reverse. I ask no other evidence to show, that this case was not intended to be comprised within the 27th section, than the fact, that in another section of the same act, the case is specifically provided for. And such is unquestionably the truth. The 27th section was not intended to embrace the two offences specifically provided for in the 14th and 16th sections. *These two sections create two substantive offences, one or the other, or both of which, has been committed in this case, or no offence has been committed. Those offences can arise only upon the event of a sale by the owner of a ship ; but the registers of vessels that have been condemned, or captured, or wrecked, or otherwise destroyed, may be fraudulently used to cover other vessels of corresponding built; and these, and various other unidentified offences, are those against which, the 27th section was intended to operate.

And this leads me to my second objection to sustaining the condemnation under the allegations in this libel. The allegations are too vague and general, and I would as soon sustain an indictment for piracy or murder, without any specific allegations, as a libel in which the offence is not set forth with such convenient certainty as to put the claimant on his defence. It is true, that the same technical niceties are not necessary in a libel, as the wary precision of the common law requires in indictments ; and the rule, as usually laid down, is generally correct, viz., that the offence may be laid in the words of the act. But it is obvious, that this rule can only apply to those laws which create a substantive offence, not those which generalize, and create offences by classes. In the case before us, the offence created by either the 14th or 16th section of this law, may well be laid in the words of the law; each describes but one offence, and that must invariably be the same. Not so with the 27th section ; under it, especially, after the present "‘'decision, a variety of offences may be comprised, distinguishable both into classes and individuals. There cannot be a more striking illustration of these remarks, than that which this case presents ; had the libel counted upon the 14th or 16th section, instead of the 27th, the claimant might, perhaps, have been prepared to meet those specific charges, in a manner which would have explained those supposed ambiguities which have now proved fatal to him.

These observations have been made, under the admission, that the *184evidence in the cause countenanced the conclusion, that a sale of this vessel had taken place, before she left Baltimore. ” If she was not sold, until she reached Cayenne, and was then sold, deliverable in New Orleans, there has been no offence committed. And even if sold to L’Amoureaux, an American citizen, it was no cause of forfeiture. And this, I think, the evidence fully establishes. There is one fact in the cause, which must put down the idea of her having been sold, before she left Baltimore. She took in a cargo at that place, and Desmoland was one of the shippers. Smith, whose testimony I see no just ground for impeaching, expressly swears, that the freight of this outward voyage was paid at Baltimore, to King, the American owner. Why he should receive, and Desmoland pay, the freight of this voyage, after she became the property of the latter, it is difficult to discover. Nor is it less difficult to imagine, what purpose it would have answered, for ker re*a^n h-er original character on a voyage to Cayenne, *upon the supposition that she had become the property of a Frenchman. Nothing but heavy duties and alien disabilities could have resulted from it. So far from having a motive to retain the original American character, his interests would have dictated exactly the reverse. If a contract of sale did take place in Baltimore, the vessel deliverable in Cayenne, this was no offence against the registering act; the American citizen was entitled to use the American character to facilitate the sale, or enhance the price of his vessel, by a contract to deliver her at a particular port.

But it has been argued, that by assuming the fact of the sale to Desmo-land, at Baltimore, all the evidence in the cause may be explained with consistency. I have already stated some facts, from which I infer directly the reverse ; facts which appear to me altogether inconsistent with the idea of a sale at Baltimore. But let it be admitted, that such a consequence would follow from this hypothesis, and it is still necessary to go further. No innocent solution of these supposed difficulties ought to be practicable, before the inference of guilt can fasten upon this vessel. Yet, the most rational and simple solution of every difficulty, will be found in another hypothesis, altogether innocent and probable. Let it be supposed, that Desmoland was the agent of King, for the sale of this vessel at Cayenne, and every fact in the case will be fully reconciled with the idea of King’s interest having still remained in him. It was of course, that on a sale place at Cayenne, the master *should deliver her up to Desmo-land’s order. That she was then to put off her American character, is proved by the instructions to Smith to bring back the register ; and as the master and his crew would then be left to find their way home from a distant country, they were to receive two months’ extra wages. I see nothing in all this but consistency and fairness. Everything shows, that she was not to continue trading under her American character ; and yet, the prosecution of such an intent, and of such an intent alone, would have comported with the fraud now imputed to her, to wit, that of evading the newly-imposed tonnage duty on French vessels.

With regard to the supposed transfer to L’Amoureaux, at Cayenne, I consider him as acknowledged in the record to be an American citizen ; and I have already shown, that an actual sale to him, at Cayenne, would not subject the vessel to forfeiture, for making the voyage to New Orleans, under her original register. It was impossible, that he could take out a new *185register at Cayenne ; and the apprehension of incurring- some penalty or forfeiture, would naturally suggest the measure, which Smith supposes was adopted, of purchasing under a stipulation to deliver the vessel at New Orleans. In the choice between guilt and innocence, it is the construction which he has a right to expect a court of justice will give of his conduct.

Now can I perceive how any unfavorable inference can be drawn from the circumstance of *Smith’s signing the bill of sale at New Orleans. It is obvious, that King expected to sell the vessel in Cayenne, and to separate her thus from the American marine. There was, therefore, no order taken for effecting that formal transfer which was necessary, under our laws, for the purpose of perpetuating her American character. I see no reason why we should not rather suppose these men ignorant than fraudulent They were imposing upon no one ; and if the collector could be induced to issue a new register, upon Smith’s bill of sale, it was all that L’Amoureaux stood in need of ; since King’s letter to Smith, and Desmoland’s order to deliver the vessel, were sufficient muniments of title, against all the rights of King. I see nothing but fairness in the transaction ; and the necessities of L’Amoureaux’s business may have well rendered it convenient to wait, until King could transmit a regular power of attorney from Baltimore.

It is asked, why did not Desmoland and others come forward with evidence to explain all these transactions ? I confess, it appears to me, that the record supplies the answer. They could not have had a serious apprehension of the fate they have met with. It is enough for them, to prove themselves innocent, after evidence of fraud has been produced against them. Thinking, as I clearly do, that upon the evidence before the court they were entitled to a decree in their favor, I cannot perceive, that any further explanation of their conduct ought to have been required. There was no sufficient allegation in the libel; *no evidence of a sale to Desmoland ; none of his alien character, if there had been a sale to him ; the sale to L’Amoureaux did not subject her to forfeiture ; and not a fact had been made out in evidence, which was not even more reconcilable with a state of innocence than a state of guilt. I confess, I think it a hard case.

Decree affirmed, with costs.

delivered the opinion of the court. — This is a libel for an asserted forfeiture, founded on a violation of the 27th section of the act of 31st of December 1792, e. 146, concerning the registering and recording of ships and vessels, (a) The libel charges, that the certificate of registry or record of the schooner, made to one John C. King, as owner, was fraudulently or knowingly used for the said schooner, on a ‘‘voyage at and from Baltimore to Cayenne, and at and before her subsequent arrival at New Orleans, she not being entitled to the benefit thereof. The claimant put in a denial to the allegation of forfeiture ; and upon a hearing *180in the district court of Louisiana, a decree of condemnation was pronounced, upon which an appeal has been taken to this court.

The facts of the case are these : The vessel sailed from Baltimore, about the first of August 1820, under the command of a Captain James Smith, having on board a Mr. Desmoland, who was owner of a part of the cargo, and being bound on a voyage to Cayenne. A letter of instructions was delivered to the master by the ostensible owner, John C. King, which, among other things, after stating the voyage, and ordering a delivery of the cargo agreeable to the bill of lading, contained the following directions : “ Mr. Joseph Desmoland, who goes out in the vessel, will provide you with everything necessary for that purpose. You will, as soon as you are required by this gentleman, deliver to him the schooner Luminary, with her boats, &c., having care to retain in your possession the register, and every other paper. Mr. Desmoland will discharge the crew agreeably to the laws of the United States; and this also you will be careful to see executed, and bring your proof thereof. As to youx-self, Mr. Desmoland is to pay you according to agreement, that is to say, your wages due, and two months extra, sixty dollars per month. The remainder of the crew to receive the like pay, that is to say, two months *extra wages.” “ You will, also, during the whole voyage, abide by and follow the instructions of Mr. J. Desmoland.”

It is difficult to read this letter, and not at once perceive, that the voyage of the vessel was to end at Cayenne, and that her master and crew were to be discharged, the register separated from the vessel, and all the usual proceedings had, which are contemplated by our laws, where a vessel is transferred o.r sold in a foreign port. The vessel was thenceforth to be under the sole government and direction of Mr. Desmoland, and all authority and control of the former owner was to cease. The question naturally arises, how this could happen ? If the vessel was transferred to Mi’. Desmoland, at Baltimore, it admits of an easy explanation. If she was to be sold by him at Cayenne, for the account of the former owner, as his agent, it would seem moré consonant to the ordinary course of business, that the instructions should have been conditional, and should have stated the expectation of sale, and have provided for the event of an unsuccessful attempt of this nature. Mr. Desmoland would have been referred to as an agent, for there could be no reason to conceal that agency. At all events, the true nature of the case lies within the privity of King and Desmoland ; and they have the full means to explain the transaction, if it be innocent. There must exist, in the possession of Mr. Desmoland, the documents under which he derived title from King, whatever that title may be ; and his silence, after the most amP^e opportunity for explanation, and for the production *of these papers, affords a strong presumption, that, if produced, they would not aid his cause or prove his innocence.

The schooner arrived at Cayenne, and from thence she was dispatched to New Orleans by Mr. Desmoland, under the command of the same master, with the same register, and was entered at New Orleans, as an American vessel. Mr. L’Amoureaux came on board her at Cayenne, and the laconic instruction given by Mr. Desmoland to the master, for the voyage, were in these words : “I hereby desire Captain James Smith, on his arrival at New Orleans, to deliver the schooner Luminary, with all her tackle, &c., to Fran-*181§ois LAmoureaux, who goes in the same vessel. Cayenne, 1st of October 1820.” At Hew Orleans, Mr. LAmoureaux claimed the vessel as his own, and desiring to procure for her a new register, as an American vessel, he induced the master to execute a bill of sale to him of the schooner, for the sum of $1000, as agent of King, the former owner. The master, whose testimony is marked by the most studied attempts of evasion, admits, that he he had no authority from King to execute this bill of sale, that he never received any consideration for it, and that he gave it simply because Mr. Desmoland had given him the instructions above stated. He concludes, and the conclusion seems irresistible, if Mr. LAmoureaux ever obtained title to the property, and she is not now the concealed property of Mr. Desmoland, that he purchased her at Cayenne. Mr. LAmoureaux now claims her from the court as his own property, and as no *other origin is shown to his title, if he have any, it must be referred to a purchase while at that port. In what manner the purchase was made, and how the contract of sale was executed, are not disclosed ; yet the materiality of a full disclosure cannot be denied. If Mr. Desmoland sold in the name, and as agent of King, the bill of sale would show it, and Mr. LAmoureaux would possess it, among his muniments of title. If he sold as owner, then he .must have become so, before the schooner departed from Baltimore, and, of course, the vessel was sailing, during the whole voyage, under a register which she was not entitled to use, and under circumstances which the law prohibited. Why, then, has Mr. LAmoureaux kept from the eyes of the court his title deeds ? It they would not prove the justice of the suspicions, which the uncommon circumstances of the case necessarily excite, it seems incredible, that they should be suppressed. The suppression, therefore, justifies the court in saying, that the United States have made out a primd facie case, and that the burden of proof to rebut it, rests on the claimant.

But it has been asked, what motive could Mr. Desmoland, or Mr. LAmoureaux, have for this disguise? If no adequate motive could be assigned, it would make it more difficult to account for the extraordinay posture of the case. But as human motives are often inscrutable,- the inadequacy of any apparent cause ought not to outweigh very strong circumstantial evidence of a transfer. For if the facts are such, that they cannot be accounted for rationally, except upon the supposition of a *sale, there would be equal difficulties in rejecting the inference of that fact. But Mr. Desmoland may have had many motives to conceal the purchase. We do not know his national character, or his private situation. He might have been embarrassed ; his national character might have exposed him to capture or detention by ships of war; he might have wished to reserve the benefit of selling higher, by selling abroad to an American citizen, who could thus re-invest her with the American character. But if Mr. Desmoland were a Frenchman, and meant to carry on a trade with Hew Orleans, and to preserve the apparent American ownership, through the instrumentality of Mr. LAmoureaux (and this is not an unnatural presumption), then, he had an adequate motive for the disguise. The act of the 15th of May 1820, ch. 126, had imposed a very high tonnage duty on French vessels entering the ports of the United States ; and as this act was meant as a countervailing measure, to press heavily on French shipping, it was an important object, to evade the payment of that duty, by sailing under the *182American flag. Row, Mr. L’Amoureaux has not. shown any title from Mr. Desmoland, and if he be the confidential agent of the latter, the whole proceeding is just what we should expect, with a view to this object. The apparent residence of Mr. Desmoland at Cayenne, fortifies this presumption. There would be no absurdity, though there would be illegality, in such conduct. The parties cannot complain, that the court, in a case left so bare of *all reasonable' explanation, construe their silence into presumptive guilt.