delivered the opinion of the court.

The case involves the validity of certain bonds issued by the judge of the county of Winnebago. Such cases have been numerous in this court. The one before us; though new in some of its aspects, presents no point which has not been substantially determined in preceding cases. The parties waived a jury, aud the court, according to the provisions of the' statute upon the subject, found the facts. The findings are set forth in the record. The proposition for us to decide is, whether the facts found warrant the judgment given.

The Code of Iowa of 1851* authorizes the county judge, sitting as the County Court, “ to provide for the erection arfd reparation of court-houses, jails, and other necessary buildings within and for the use of the county.”

In Iowa every county is a body corporate.†

In Clapp v. The County of Cedar‡ it was said by the Supreme Court of the State that the office of county judge being created and his powers and duties defined by statute, the principles of the law of agency, where those powers aud duties are drawn in question, have no application; that “he *12is the living representative and embodiment of the county,” and that “ his acts are the acts of the corporation.” In Hull & Argalis v. The County of Marshall* it was held that, by virtue of his general authority, he might contract for the. building of a court-house, to be paid for out of the revenue of the county, but that when a debt was to be incurred for that purpose special authority must be conferred by a popular vote in the manner provided by the statute. It was further held that where a loan was thus authorized, the form of the securities not being prescribed, negotiable bonds might be issued.

The statute provides that' the judge may submit to the people,, at .a regular, or special, election, “ the question whether money may be borrowed to aid in the erection of public buildings,” and other questions not necessary to be mentioned; and that “ when the question so submitted involves the borrowing or expenditure of money” it “must .be accompanied by a provision to lay a tax for the payment thereof,” and that “ no vote adopting the question proposed will be of effect unless it adopt the tax also.”†

TTpon looking into .the record in this case we fiud that the question submitted to the voters was, “ whether the county judge, at the time of levying the taxes for the year 1860, should levy a special tax ’of seven mills on a dollar of valuation, for the purpose of constructing a court-house in said county, and said tax to be levied from year .to year until a sufficient amount is raised for said purpose, not, however, to exceed ten years.” ' There was the requisite majority in favor of the proposition. It was expressed in this formula that a court-house was to be built, and we think it was implied that money was to be borrowed to accomplish that object. Otherwise the vote gave no authority which did not already exist, and was an idle ceremony. The statute authorized an appeal to the voters only that they might give or refuse authority to incur a debt. It could not have been intended that the erection should be delayed until a sum *13sufficient to pay for the structure had been realized from the tax authorized to be imposed, or that the work should proceed only pari passu with the progress of its collection from year to year. What is .implied is as effectual as what is expressed.* Viewing the subject in the light of the statutory provisions and of the action of the people, we cannot say-that the bonds were issued without due authorization.

But, if the authority were doubtful, there are other facts bearing upon this point which, in our judgment, are conclusive.. The county judge is the officer designated by the statute to decide whether the voters have given the required sanction. He executed and issued the bonds, and the requisite popular sanction is set forth upon their face. It is a settled rule of law that; where a particular functionary i.s clothed with the duty of deciding such a question, his decision, in the absence of fraud or collusion, is final. It is not open for examination, and neither party can go behind it. Here the bonds are in the hands of a bond fide- purchaser, au.d under the circumstances he was not bound to look beyond the averment on their face.

It is not a valid objection that the bonds were made payable and were sold beyond the limits of the county of Winnebago and of the State of Iowa. The power to issue them carried with it authority to the county judge as to both these things — to do what he deemed best for the interests of the county for. which he was acting.

These points have been so frequently'ruled in this way that it is needless'to cite authorities to support them.

It was competent for the county judge to visit New York for purposes connected with the proper disposal of the bonds. A statute of the State authorized him to -procure a seal, and prescribed certain regulations to which all such seals should conform. While there, he might well take up bonds which had been previously issued, but not put on the market, and give others in their place, affixing to them a seal there procured foi that purpose. There is nothing in the statutes of *14Iowa forbidding either, and we are aware of no principle of general jurisprudence which was violated by such, a proceeding. Certainly the county could sustain no injury by the change, and it has therefore no right to complain. At most there was only an irregular execution of a power of the existence of which we. entertain no doubt. Admitting an. irregularity to have occurrfed it certainly cannot affect the rights of a holder for value without notice.

It is insisted that the county judge was fundus officio at the ■ time he issued the bonds in question, and that they are for this reason void.

The statute of the State provides that, in case of the ab-, sence of that officer, the county, clerk shall .fill his place. The absence spoken of is doubtless absence from the county seat. In that event unlimited authority is given to the clerk to act as his substitute. But it is not declared that the judge shall be regarded as out of office while absent, or that he. shall do no official act during that period. Judicial power is .necessarily local in its nature, and ife exercise to be valid must be local also. But it is otherwise as to many ministerial acts, and different considerations apply where they are drawn in question. It does not appear that there was any conflict between what the judge did abroad and what the clerk did at home. All the judge did was purely ministerial in its character, and we see no sufficient reason for holding that to this extent he did not bring with him his official character and exercise his official authority. He did not for the time being wholly abdicate his office. Certain powers with which it was clothed fell into abeyance, and continued in that state until his absence ceased. The authority to do all that he did in New York touching the bonds, we hold not to have been in this category.*

Judgment reversed, and the cause remanded with directions to enter a

Judgment for the plaintiff -in error.

(with whose views and dissent concurred the CHIEF JUSTICE and. Mr. Justice MILLER), dissenting. .

I am compelled to dissent from the judgment of the majority of the court in this case, upon the following grounds :

1st. The county judge had no power to issue bonds binding upon the county, without previous authority conferred by a vote of the people. Such is the construction given to the statutes of Iowa, which are supposed to confer such power, by the Supreme Court of that State, and that construction is obligatory upon us. Here the only question ever submitted to the voters of the county was whether a tax of seven mills on the dollar should be levied for the purpose of building a court-house; and the only power conferred was to levy such a tax. I- cannot find in this vote any authority in the county judge to issue bonds of the county for constructing a court-house, payable at different periods, and then to take up the bonds by issuing new bonds drawing a larger interest than the first, and differing in amount and time of payment, and providing that a failure to pay the interest as it matures shall cause the entire principal to become due.

2d. As the bonds 'were issued without the authorization of a vote of the people, the cou'nty is not estopped to deny their validity by reason of any recitals they' contain. The county judge was only an agent of the county, acting under a special and limited authority, the exercise of 'which was supposed to be carefully guarded, and he could not enlarge that authority by any representation that he possessed what was never conferred. The statutes of the State never intended to make the liabilities of its couuties dependent upon the mere statements of any of its officers. The law of agency .is not different when applied to the acts of agents of municipal bodies, in a matter so serious and delicate as the contracting of a public debt, and when applied , to the acts of agents of private individuals. They must both keep strictly within the limits of their power of attorney or their acts will be invalid. They cannot cure any inherent defect *16in their action arising from want of power by any extent of recitals that they had the requisite authority. With great defereuce to the opinions of my .associates, this seems to me to be a legal truism.

3d. When the bopds in suit were executed and issued the county judge was in the city of New York, and by express provision of the statutes of Iowa his authority and functions ceased when lie was without the State. At the time he put his signature to these instruments another person was acting as judge in his place and was invested with his authority, and as such officer issued county warrants, held a term of the County Opurt, and discharged other duties.devolved by law upon the county judge.

It seems to me that the ruling of the majority of the court in this case, holding that the bonds, issued under circumstances attending the issue of these, are valid obligations, binding upon the county, goes further than any previous adjudication towards breaking down the barriers which State legislatures have erected against the creation of debts, and consequent increase of taxation, by careless, ignorant, or unscrupulous public officers.