after stating the facts as above, delivered the opinion of the court.

It appears from the above statement that the property in the hands of the receivers in the Clyde or insolvency suit was surrendered to the receivers in the foreclosure suit under ah order that expressly reserved power in the court to adjudge and decree in the Clyde suit upon the rights of creditors asserting claims against the property of the railroad company or its income in preference to mortgage debts. Resides, the decree of sale provided that the purchaser or purchasers, or his or their assigns, under any decretal sale should, as a part of the consideration, in addition to any sum bid, take the property upon the express condition that he or they would pay and satisfy (among other specified claims) all claims theretofore “filed in this case or in either of the causes consolidated herein, but only when said court shall allow such claims and adjudge the same to be prior in lien or superior in equity to the mortgage foreclosed in. this suit, and in accordance with the order or orders of the court allowing such claims and adjudging with respect thereto.” And the right was dis*274tinctly reserved to retake and resell the property in case the purchaser or purchasers, or his or their assigns, failed ,or neglected to comply with the order of court in respect of the payment of such prior liens; These conditions were repeated in the order confirming the sale. So that the right of the Carnegie Company to have its claims determined upon their merits is not at all affected by the sale of the property held by the. receivers in the consolidated cause, or by the fact of its transfer to the Southern Railway Company. And we add that the above reservation in the orders and decree of the Circuit Court left it open for the Southern Railway Company to contest, upon their merits, any claims allowed after its purchase under the decree of sale.

The respective rights of the mortgagees of a railroad company and of parties having claims against it at the time its property passed into the hands of receivers have been frequently the subject of consideration by this court. But as counsel differ as to the scope 'and effect of former decisions, it is necessary to examine them and ascertain whether those decisions embrace the case now before the court..

The leading case is Fosdick v. Scholl, 99 U. S. 235, 252, 253, which related to a claim against a railroad company for rent of cars. In that case Chief Justice Waite delivered the unanimous judgment of the court. After observing that- the business of all railroad companies was done to a greater or less extent on credit, and that this credit''was longer or shorter as the necessities of the case required said : “ The income out of which the mortgagee is to be .paid is the net income obtained by deducting from the gro'A earnings what is required for necessary operating and Managing expenses, proper equipment .and useful improvements. Every railroad mortgagee in accepting his security impliedly agrees that the current debts made in the ordinary course.of business shall be paid from the current receipts before he has any .claim upon the income. If for the .convenience*of the moment something is taken from what may. not improperly be called the current debt fund, and put into that which belongs to the mortgage creditors, it certainly is not inequitable for,the court, when.asked by the *275mortgagees to take possession of the future income and hold it for their benefit, to require as a condition of such an order that what is due from the earnings to the current debt shall be paid by the court from the future current receipts before anything derived from that source goes to the mortgagees. In this way the court will only do what, if a receiver should not be appointed, the company ought itself to do. For even though. the mortgage may in terms give a lien upon the profits and income, until possession of the mortgaged premises is actually taken or something equivalent done, the whole earnings belong to the company and are subject to its control.” The court further said: “ The mortgagee has his strict rights which he may enforce in the ordinary way. If he asks no favors he need grant none. But if he calls upon a court of chancery to put forth its extraordinary powers and grant him purely equitable relief, he may with propriety be required to submit to the operation of a rule which applies in such cases, and do equity in order to get equity. The appointment of a receiver is not a matter of strict right. Such an application calls for the exercise of judicial discretion; and the chancellor should so mould his order that while favoring one injustice is not done to another. If this cannot be accomplished the application should ordinarily be denied. We think also that if no such order is made when the receiver is appointed, and it appears in the progress of the cause that bonded interest has been paid, additional equipment provided, or lasting and valuable improvements made out of earnings which ought in equity to have been employed to keep down debts for labor, supplies and the like, it is within the power of the court to use the income from the receivership to discharge obligations which, but for the diversion of funds, would have been paid in the ordinary course of business. This, not because the creditors to whom such debts are due have in law a -lien upon the mortgaged property or the income, but because, in a sense, the officers of the company are trustees of the earnings for the benefit of the different classes of creditors and stockholders; and if they give to one class of creditors that which properly belongs to another, the *276court may, upon an adjustment of the accounts, so use the income which comes into its own hands as, if practicable, to restore the parties to their original equitable rights. '.While, ordinarily, this power is confined to the appropriation of the income of the receivership and the proceeds of moneyed assets that have been taken from the company, cases may arise where equity will require the use of the proceeds of the sale of' the mortgaged property in the samé way. . ¿- . No fixed and inflexible rule can be laid down for the government of the courts in all cases. Each case will necessarily have its own peculiarities, which must to a greater or less extent influence the chancellor when he comes to act. The power rests upon the fact that in the administration of the affairs of the company the mortgage creditors have got possession of that which in equity belonged to the whole or a part of the general creditors. Whatever is done, therefore, must be with a view to a restoration by the mortgage creditors of that which they have thus inequitably obtained. It follows that if there has been in reality no diversion, there can be no restoration; and that the amount of the restoration should be made to depend upon the amount of the diversion. If in the exercise of this power errors are committed, they, like others, are open to correction on appeal. All depends upon a proper application of well-settled rules of equity jurisprudence to the facts of the case, as established by the evidence.”

In Hale v. Frost, 99 U. S. 389, it appeared that a receiver was appointed in a suit brought by trustees to foreclose mortgages executed by a railroad company. He was appointed May 19, 1875, at which time the company owed employes for back wages and was indebted for current supplies. To the Union Car Spring Manufacturing Company it was indebted for springs and spirals furnished in March and April before the appointment of the receiver, and which he continued to use. It was also indebted to Hale, Ayer & Co. for supplies to the machinery department and for materials for construction purposes; and on the 13th day of February, 1873, a given amount was due them, as evidenced by the notes of the railroad company falling due on that day. The judges who *277heard the case in- the court of original jurisdiction were divided in opinion on the,.following points made by inter-, vening creditors: 1. That the railway mortgage'was a prior lien only upon the net earnings of the road, after .the payment of all the operating expenses, while the road was in the possession of the company. 2. That after the default in the payment of the interest November 1, 1873, the fact that the mortgagees funded their coupons and' left the company in .possession of the road constituted the company their agent and trustee in equity, and they were estopped from objecting to the payment from the earnings of the road of all legitimate debts contracted by the1 company for operating expenses. 3. That the net earnings of the road, while in the. possession of the court and operated by its receiver, were not necessarily and exclusively the property of the mortgagees, but were subject to the.disposal of the chancellor in the.payment of claims which had superior equities, if such should be found to exist, and that the intervening petitioners’ claims had superior - equities, to those of the mortgagees. The petitions were dismissed and the intervenors appealed. This court, speaking by Chief Justice Waite, said: “ The first question certified in this case is answered in the affirmative,- upon the authority of Fosdick v. Schall. The third question is answered in the same way upon the same authority. The Union Car Spring Manufacturing Company is entitled to payment in full, and Hale, Ayer & Co. to payment of so much of their claim only-as is for supplies to the machinery department. There is nothing' in the case to show any special equities in their favor in respect to that part of their account which is for material for. construction'purposes. An answer to the second question is unnecessary.”

In Burnham v. Bowen, 111 U. S. 776, 780, 783, it appeared that the trustees of a mortgage covering all the property of a railroad’ company and all the revenues and income thereof, brought suit to foreclose the mortgage and had a receiver appointed. In the order appointing the receiver no special provision was made for the payment of debts owing for current expenses. When the receiver took possession the rail*278road company was indebted for coal used on locomotives — a debt contracted by the company in the ordinary course of a continuing business, and which would have been paid out of current earnings at the time agreed on if the company had remained in possession. The debt due the coal company was evidenced by the acceptances of the railroad company, which were for different amounts, maturing a month apart, thus implying, as this court said, monthly settlements of monthly accounts, with a somewhat extended credit to meet the business requirements of the railroad company. A decree was entered finding the amount due to Bowen, the holder of the acceptances, and declaring that the mortgaged property in the hands of the trustees under the decree of foreclosure was equitably bound for the payment thereof.

Chief Justice Waite, delivering the unanimous judgment of this court, said: “ In our opinion the view which the Circuit Court took of this case was the correct one. The company had never paid its bonded interest. From the very beginning it was in default in this particular, yet the mortgage trustees suffered it to keep possession and manage the property. The maintenance of the road and prosecution of its business were essential to the preservation of the security of the bondholders. The business of every railroad company is necessarily done more or less on credit, all parties understanding that current expenses are to be paid out of current earnings. Consequently, it almost always happens that the current income is incumbered to a greater or less extent with current debts made in the prosecution of the business out of which the income is derived. ' As was said in Fosdick v. Schall, 99 U. S. 235, 252, ‘ the income [of a railroad company] out of which the mortgagee is to be paid is the net income obtained by deducting from the gross earnings what is required' for necessary operating and managing expenses, proper equipment and useful improvements. Every railroad mortgagee in accepting his security impliedly agrees that the current debts made in the ordinary course of business shall be paid from the current receipts before he has any claim on the income.’ Such being the case, when a court of chancery, in *279enforcing the rights of mortgage creditors, takes possession of a mortgaged railroad and thus deprives the company of the power of receiving any further earnings, it ought to do what the company would have been bound to do if it had remained in possession, that is to say, pay out of what it receives from earnings all the debts which in equity and good conscience, considering the character of the business, are chargeable upon such earnings. In .other words, what may properly be,termed the debts of the income should be paid from the income before it is applied in any way to the use of the mortgagees. The business of a railroad should be treated by a court of equity under such circumstances as a ‘ going concern,’ not to be embarrassed by any unnecessary interference with the relations of those who are engaged in or affected by it. In the present case, as we have seen, the debt of Bowen was for current expenses and payable out of current earnings. It does not appear from anything in the case that there was any other liability on account of current expenses unprovided for when the receiver took possession, and there is nothing whatever to indicate that this debt would not have been paid at maturity from the earnings if the court had. not interfered at the instance of the trustees for the protection of the mortgage creditors.”

It was contended in that case that no part of the income, prior to the receiver’s appointment, was used to pay mortgage interest or to put permanent improvements on the property, or to increase the equipment, and therefore there was no such diversion of the funds belonging in equity to the labor and supply creditors as to make it proper to use the income of the receivership to pay them. Touching that contention, this court said: “ The debt due Bowen was incurred to keep the road running, and thus preserve the security of the bond creditors. If the trustees had taken possession under the mortgage, they would have been subjected to similar expenses to do what the company, with their consent and approbation, was doing for them. There is nothing to show that, the receiver was appointed because of any misappropriation of the earnings by the company. On the contrary, it is proba*280Me, from the fact that the large judgment for the right of way was obtained about the same time the receiver was appointed, that the change of possession was affected to avoid anticipated embarrassments from that cause. But, however that may be, there certainly is no complaint of a diversion by the company of the current earnings from the payment of the current expenses. So far as anything appears on the record, the failure of the company to pay the debt to Bowen was due alone to the fact that the expenses of running the road and preserving the security of the bondholders were greater than the receipts from the business. Under these circumstances we think the debt was a charge in equity on the continuing income, as well as that which came into the hands of the court after the receiver was appointed as that before. When, therefore, the court took the earnings of the receivership and applied them to the payment of the fixed charges on the railroad structures, thus increasing the security of the bondholders at the expense of the labor and supply creditors, there was such a diversion of what is denominated in Fosdick v. Schall the ‘current debt fund,’'as to make it proper to require the mortgagees to pay it back. So far as current expense creditors are concerned, the court should use the income of the receivership in the way the company would-have been bound in equity and good conscience to use it if no change in the possession had been made. This rule is in strict accordance with the decision in' Fosdick v. Schall, which we see no reason to modify in any particular.”

The opinion in that case thus concluded: “ We do not now hold, any more than we did in Fosdick v. Schall or Huidekoper v. Locomotive Works, 99 U. S. 258, 260, that the income of a railroad in the hands of a receiver, for the benefit of mortgage creditors who have a lien upon it under their mortgage, can be taken away from them and used to pay the general creditors of the road. All we then decided, and all we now decide, is, that if the current earnings are used for the benefit of mortgage creditors before current expenses are paid, the mortgage security is chargeable in equity with the restoration of the fund which has been thus improperly applied to their use.”

*281In Union Trust Co. v. Morrison, 125 U. S. 591, 609, 612, the contest was between the mortgagees and Morrison who had become surety in a bond given by an insolvent railroad company which was harassed by suits in order to prevent a levy by a sheriff upon its rolling stock. Subsequently a suit was brought to 'foreclose a mortgage upon the railroad. The giving of the bond undoubtedly protected the company’s property from seizure and enabled it to remain a going concern, and saved it to the mortgagees. This court, speaking by Mr. Justice Bradley, said: “ Even if it [the rolling stock] would have been subject to the mortgage, when taken on execution, nevertheless it could have been taken,1 and this would necessarily have disturbed, and perhaps interrupted, the operations of the railroad, by separating the property seized from the corpus of the estate. The trustees of the mortgage might have prevented such a catastrophe, it is true, by filing a bill of foreclosure and for an injunction and receiver; but they did not choose to take this course until nearly three years afterwards; on the contrary, they allowed the railroad company to continue to use the property, and to take care of it for them, and stood by and saw Morrison (who had no interest in the matter) put his hands into the fire and rescue the rolling stock of which they were to receive the benefit — both directly, by receiving the property itself without contest or controversy, and indirectly, by keeping up the railroad as a going concern. Morrison’s money, or the fruits of it, has gone into .their pockets. And, in this regard, we make no distinction between the mortgagees, the bondholders, whom they represented, the nominal purchasers, Horsey and Canda, or the present company. They were all one and the same in interest. If the property became justly affected by the equity of the petitioner’s claim, it remains so affected in the hands of the present company.” Referring to prior cases, and dis*282claiming any purpose to modify the rule charging operating expenses upon current earnings, the court said : “ The present claim is of a different character, based upon a Iona fide effort made by the intervenor to preserve the fund itself from waste- and spoliation after the mortgage was in arrear and the right to reduce it to possession had accrued. But even here, as we have seen, if the claimant could pursue only the earnings^ it is. shbwn that they have been appropriated to the purchase of property which has been added to the fund.”

In St. Louis, Alton &c. Railroad, v. Cleveland, Columbus &c. Railway, 125 U. S. 658, 673, the court, speaking by Mr. Justice Matthews, after stating that ordinarily the unsecured debts of an insolvent railroad company cannot take precedence in the distribution of the proceeds.of a sale of'the property itself over those creditors who are secured by prior and express liens, said : “ There are cases, -it is true, where, owing to special circumstances, an equity arises in favor of certain classes of creditors of an insolvent railroad corporation otherwise unsecured, by which they are entitled to outrank in priority of payment, even upon a distribution of the proceeds of a sale of the body of the property, those who are secured by prior mortgage liens.” “ The rule,” the court said, “ governing in-all these cases was stated by Chief Justice Waite in Burnham v. Bowen, 111 U. S. 776, 783, as follows: ‘That if current earnings are used for the benefit of mortgage creditors before current expenses are paid, the mortgage security is chargeable in equity with the restoration of the fund which has been thus improperly applied to their use? There has been no departure from this rule in any qf the cases cited; it has been adhered to and reaffirmed in them all.”

In Kneeland v. American Loan & Trust Co., 136 U. S. 89, 97, this court said : “ The appointment of a -receiver vests in the court no absolute control over the property, and- no general authority to displace vested contract liens. Because in a few specified and limited cases this court has declared that unsecured claims were entitled to priority over mortgage debts, an idea seems to have obtained that a court appointing-a receiver-acquires power to give such preference to any general and *283unsecured claims. It has been assumed that a court appointing a receiver could rightfully burden the mortgaged property for the payment of any unsecured indebtedness. Indeed, we are advised that some courts have made the appointment of a receiver conditional upon the payment of all unsecured indebtedness, in preference to the mortgaged liens sought to be enforced. Can anything be conceived which more thoroughly destroys the sacredness of contract obligations ? One holding a mortgage debt upon a railroad has the same right to demand and expect of the court respect for his vested and contracted priority as-a holder of a mortgage on a farm or lot. So, when a court appoints a receiver of railroad property, it has no right to make that receivership conditional on the payment of other than those few unsecured claims which, by the rulings of this court, have been declared to have an equitable priority. No one is bound to sell to a railroad company or to work for it,, and whoever has dealings with a company when property is mortgaged must be assumed to have dealt with it on the faith of its personal responsibility, and not in expectation of subsequently displacing the priority of the mortgage liens. It is the exception, and not the rule, that such priority of liens can be displaced.” Again: “ It is the exception, and not the rule, that such priority of liens can be displaced. We emphasize this fact of the sacredness of contract liens, for the reason that there seems to be growing an idea that the chancellor, in the exercise of his equitable powers, has unlimited discretion in this matter of the displacement of vested liens.” These principles were reaffirmed in Thomas v. Western Car Co., 149 U. S. 95, 110, in which it was held that the car company there seeking a preference over mortgage creditors had contracted upon the responsibility of the railroad company, and not in reliance upon the interposition of a court of equity; consequently its claim to a preference was denied.

In Virginia & Alabama Coal Co. v. Central Railroad & Banking Co., 170 U. S. 355, 365, 368, the court, referring to the decision in Burnham v. Bowen, said: “ It was thus settled that where coal is purchased by a railroad company for use in operating lines of railway owned and controlled by it, in *284order that they may be continued as a going concern, and where it was the expectation of the parties that the coal was to- be paid for out of the current earnings, the indebtedness, as between the party furnishing the materials and supplies and the holders of bonds secured by a mortgage upon the property, is a- charge- in equity on the continuing income, as well that which may come into the hands of a court after a receiver has been appointed as that before. It is immaterial in such case, in determining the right to be compensated out of the surplus earnings of the receivership, whether or not during the operation, of the railroad by the company there had been a diversion of income for the benefit of the mortgage bondholders, either in payment of interest on mortgage bonds or expenditures for permanent improvements upon the property. Nor is the equity of a current supply claimant in subsequent income arising from the operation of a railroad under the clirection of the court affected by the fact that, while the company is operating its road, its income is misappropriated and diverted to purposes which do not inure to the benefit of the mortgage bondholders and are foreign to the beneficial maintenance, preservation and improvement of the property.”

In the opinion in that case the court observed that it did’ not intend to detract from the force of the intimations contained in Kneeland v. American Loan & Trust Co. and Thomas v. Western Car Co., above cited, “as to the necessity of a court of equity confining itself within very restricted limits in the application of the doctrine that in certain cases a court, having a road or fund under its control, may bo justified in awarding priority over the claims of mortgage bondholders to. unsecured claims originating prior to a receivership.” And it was further said: “In neither the Kneeland nor the Thomas case was there any intention to question the prior decisions of the court, which allowed priority to claims based upon the furnishing of essential and necessary current supplies, not sold upon mere personal credit, against the surplus income arising during the operation of the road under the direction of a court of equity.”

It is apparent from an examination of the above cases that *285the decision in each one depended upon its special facts. This court has uniformly refrained from laying down any yule as absolutely controlling in every case involving the right of unsecured creditors of a corporation, whose property is in the hands of a receiver, to have their’ demands paid out of net earnings in preference to mortgage creditors. But it may be safely affirmed, upon the authority of former decisions, that a railroad'mortgagee when accepting his security impliedly agrees that the current debts of a railroad company contracted in the ordinary course of its business shall be paid out of current receipts before he has any claim upon such income; that, within this rule, a debt not contracted upon the personal credit' of the company but to keep the railroad itself in condition to be used with reasonable safety for the transportation of persons and property, and with the expectation of the parties that it was to be met out of the current receipts of the company, may be treated as a current debt; that whether the debt was contracted upon the personal credit of the company, without any reference to its receipts, is to be determined in each case by the amount of the debt, the time and terms of payment, and all other circumstances attending the transaction ; and that when current earnings are. used for the benefit of mortgage creditors before current expenses are paid, the mortgage security is chargeable in equity* with the restoration of any funds thus improperly diverted from their primary use. The doctrine announced in Burnham v. Bowen — in which case tüe' decisions in prior cases were affirmed —is thus expressed in the recent case of Virginia & Alabama Coal Co. v. Central Railroad Company, above cited: “The dominant feature of the doctrine as appliéd in Burnham v. Bowen, is that, where expenditures have been made which were essentially, necessary to enable the road to be operated as a continuing business, and it was ihc expectation of the creditors that the indebtedness created would be paid out of the current earnings of the company, a superior equity arises in favor of the material man as against the mortgage bonds, in the income arising both before and after the appointment of a receiver from the operation of the *286property. The equity thus held to arise when a purchase of necessary current supplies is made by the owning company is not in anywise influenced by the fact that the company itself is the purchaser of the supplies, but is' solely dependent upon the fact that the supplies are sold and purchased for use and that they are used in the operation of the road, that they are essential for such operation, and that the sale was not made simply upon personal credit, but upon the tacit or express understanding that the current earnings would .be appropriated for the payment of the debt.”

Can-the decree below be sustained consistently with these principles ? Are the debts due the Carnegie Company of the class designated in the adjudged cases as current debts contracted, not on the personal credit of the railroad company, but in the ordinary course of its business and to be met out of current receipts? As already said, whether the parties, seller and buyer, had in view only the personal credit of the latter is to be determined in each case by its special facts, including the amount of the debt and the terms of payment.

All the rails furnished by the Carnegie Company were not supplied under one contract — a circumstance not to be ignored when determining whether the debts were of the kind that would ordinarily be met out of current receipts. The- first contract between the Carnegie Company and the Danville Company was made June 10, 1891 — within less than twelve months before the appointment of receivers in the Clyde suit. It called for the delivery by the Carnegie Company, during the month of July, 1891, of only 2500 gross tons of rails for which the railroad company was to pay thirty dollars per gross ton, in its notes at four months from date of shipment without interest, with privilege of one renewal for three months with interest at the rate of 5 per cent per annum, and a second renewal for three months with interest at the rate of 6 per cent per annum. The railroad company reserved the option to increase by 200 or 300 the number of tons to be delivered, making the total delivery 2700 or 2800 tons. That option was exercised. By another arrangement between *287the parties entered into July 21,- 1891, the contract was further extended to cover 1656 tons of rails at the same price, terms and delivery. Subsequently, by agreement of October 2, 1891, provision was made for the delivery of 200 additional tons at the price of $26 per ton. The delivery of the rails was in varying amounts and at different times between July 25, 1891, and October 10,- 1891. The whole quantity delivered was 4203|-§£# tons, worth $125,067.39. Notes were given by the railroad company, and they were renewed at their respective maturities. Those last given, and which were unpaid at the time of the institution of the Clyde or insolvency suit, were each payable at' three months, except the last one, which was at four months. They were of the following dates and amounts : March 21, 1892, $38,251.77; March 24,1892, $35,499.38; April 4,1892, $12,786.16; May 16, 1892, $5355.09; June 7, 1892, $33,174.99. The first note was due June 21-24, 1892, (six days only after the appointment of receivers in the Clyde suit,) and the last October 7-10,1892.

The rails so received from Carnegie Company were used by the Danville Company on the following roads in its possession and under its control: 1108.5 tons 56ft>, $33,174.99, on the Northeastern Eailroad of Georgia; 1270 tons 70B>, $37,713.75, on the Yirginia Midland Eailroad ; 1793.5 tons 70S), $53,258.69, on the Eichmond and Danville Eailroad; 31.2 tons 70S), $920.56, on the Georgia Pacific Eailroad. This use of the rails is shown by the report of special masters, and to that report on this point no exceptions were filed by either party.

What was the condition of the roads owned and controlled by the Danville Company at the time the rails were purchased and used? It was in the power of the railroad company and its receivers, who had possession of the books of the company, to have furnished evidence o.n this point that would have removed all possible doubt. But there is enough in the record to show that the rails purchased from the Carnegie Company were needed in order that the roads in question might be kept by the railroad company in that condition of safety which its duty to the public and to the mortgage bondholders required. In August, 1892, immediately after the receivers took posses*288sion of the railroads constituting the Danville system, they reported to the court that the financial difficulties of the Dan-ville Company during the previous two years had “ prevented the' operating officers from being able to expend the proper amount for new rails, and upon the roadbed and structures, to keep the raib'oad in the- condition in which it should be maintained, and it will be necessary for the receivers, during the summer and autumn, to make a much larger' expenditure than they would for ordinary m aintenance.” Here is a direct admission by the receivers that during the two years immediately preceding their appointment the railroad company had not expended for new rails and upon' the roadbed and structures the amount necessary to keep its road in proper condition. There is no evidence in the record which even tends to show that the statements of the receivers on this point were not strictly accurate. But this purchase of new rails proved to be inadequate ; for on the 27th of January, Í894, the foreclosure receivers represented to the court, by petition, that “for the proper and economical operation of the lines of railroad of which they are receivers, and for the safety of passengers and property transported over such roads, as required by the order of this court appointing such receivers, two thousand tons of new steel rails are an absolute necessity; ” and that they “had negotiated- with and purchased from the Carnegie Steel Company, Limited, subject to the approval of the court, that quantity of rails at the cost of $24 per ton;” The court made an order in accordance with that petition. Again, on the 13th day of April, 1894, the court — all parties to the foreclosure suit consenting thereto, including the bondholders’ committee — made an order authorizing the receivers to purchase 2500 tons of new steel rails in ordér “ to properly operate the railroads ” in their charge, “ and for the safety of versons and property transported.’’

It is apparent that the purchases of new steel rails wWle the railroads were in possession of receivers were made in the ordinary course of business and were properly chargeable upon and payable out of current receipts in preference to the claims of mortgage creditors.. In every substantial sense the *289expenses thus incurred were operating expenses. They were incurred in the interest of mortgage creditors, the value of whose securities depended upon the unity of the Danville system being preserved and the interests of all concerned not allowed to go to ruin. Why should a different rule be applied to the contracts made with the Carnegie Company shortly before the appointment of receivers in the Clyde suit, the original contract being for only 2500 tons, and the last one for only 1656 tons? Is it to be said that the contract for 2000 tons of steel l’ails and the contract for 2500 tons made by the receivers in the foreclosure suit created debts of a preferential character, while contracts made by the railroad company of exactly the same kind shortly before the appointment of receivers for 2500 and 1656 tons of steel rails could not under any circumstances become a preferential debt chargeable upon current receipts ? Surely the quantity of rails purchased from the Carnegie Company and delivered in 1891 was insignificant in view of the interests involved and the extensive mileage of the Danville system, and was byno means so large as to suggest that they were to be used in constructing new and additional road, and not to keep existing roads in proper condition for use. Every railroad company must have on hand a limited quantity of rails in order to keep every part of its line in proper and safe condition. It is evident that the Carnegie rails purchased shortly before the receivers in the Clyde gtiit were appointed — the rails here in question — were obtained' for the same reason that induced the subsequent' purchases by the receivers. No one will say that the use of these rails did not add directly to the value of the securities of mortgage creditors. Within the reason of the rule adverted to,- the debts contracted with the Carnegie Company were as much current debts in the ordinary course of the business of the railroad company as were the debts contracted by the receivers under the orders of court, when they purchased new rails to put the road in safe .condition, or when they purchased at one time four. passenger locomotives, and at another time eight passenger and freight locomotives, the cost of which was1 charged upon the income in their hands. Is it to be said *290that such expenses incurred by the receivers were preferential debts, but that debts incurred by the railroad company shortly prior to the receivership for rails needed to keep its road in safe condition for use are not of that class ?

We next inquire whether'it-was not at' the time the expectation of both parties, vendor and vendee, that the rails delivered by the Carnegie Company between July 25, 1891, and October 10, 1891, should be paid for out of the current-.earnings of the. railroad company ? The attendant circumstances require an affirmative answer to this question, .although the parties did nothin express' words declare that the debts due contracted with the Carnegie Company- were to. be charged upon the current earnings of the railroad company. The • quantity of rails was not so large as to preclude the expectation that they could be paid for out of the current earnings of the railroad company. As already said, it was a very small quantity for purposes of ordinary or necessary'repairs, and' there is nothing in the record to show that the Carnegie Company relied merely or exclusively on the personal credit of the railroad company. The-renewal notes executed by the railroad company were all within the three months immediately preceding the appointment of the receivers. The short credit given strongly indicates, and the fair inference from the record is, that the parties contemplated that the rails were .to be paid for out of the current earnings of the railroad. The taking óf notes does not indicate the contrary, but only shows that the vendor company preferred to have its debt evidenced by commercial paper which it could use, rather than to stand upon open account. In Burnham v. Bowen it was said: “When the receiver was appointed the debt was evidenced by business paper maturing at a future date. It was no waiver of any claim on the fund which might come into the hands of the receiver to renew the paper at maturity for the convenience of the holder. It was undoubtédly given originally to enable the coal company to use it as commercial paper if occasion required, and the renewal may have become desirable on account of the use Avhich had. been made of it.” The equities of the creditor furnishing that which protected and preserved *291the mortgage security and materially increased its value are none the less because the original debt was evidenced by the notes of the'company, taken for its convenience and renewed for its accommodation.

It may be said that a part of the rails furnished by the Carnegie Company were not used on the Danville railroad, although used on roads belonging to the- Danville system. But that is not a controlling circumstance. The contracts were made with the Danville Company, and, as between the contracting parties, the debts so incurred were, under the circumstances stated, current debts chargeable upon the current receipts of the railroad company that purchased the rails. The rights of the Carnegie Company .aré none the less because the Danville Company chose, after obtaining the rails, to Use a part of them on roads under its control and in its possession, and whose preservation in proper condition was vital to its successful operation. The scheme of reorganization was in the interest of the stockholders and mortgage creditors of the roads' constituting the Danville system, and chiefly of the bondholders represented by the Central Trust Company, the trustee in the consolidated gold... mortgage. That company, as we shall presently show, stood by and assented to, indeed approved, the application, for the benefit of the bondholders represented by it, of funds which should have been applied in payment of current debt’s contracted in the interest of mortgage creditors before the appointment of receivers in the Clyde suit. Suppose the court had directed the receivers in the Clyde suit, before turning over the property to the receivers in the foreclosure suit, to pay the claims of the Carnegie Company, is it possible that the mortgage creditors would have been heard to object to such an order? Certainly not, if it appeared, as it does satisfactorily appear in the present case, that the Carnegie debts ■ were incurred in the ordinary course of business for the purpose of keeping the railroad in safe condition for use by the public. If the Carnegie claims were preferential debts when the control of the property passed from the railroad company to the receivers in the insolvency or Clyde suit, the latter were bound in equity to *292do what the railroad company would have been required to do if it had retained control of the property.

If the parties to the contract contemplated that the notes given for the rails should be paid for out of the current earnings of the railroad, and if the Carnegie Company lost no equity merely by renewing the notes, it follows; under the settled doctrine of this court, that the mortgagees could not have objected to the payment of the renevval notes out of any net earnings in the hands of receivers, although the contract for the rails was a few months back of the six months immediately preceding their appointment. Each case, as already observed, must depend largely'upon its special facts. In some cases the courts, in their administration of railroad property by receivers, have refused to give priority to unsecured claims that did not accrue within six months immediately preceding the appointment of receivers. ■ Such a rule will do full justice in most cases to creditors who are entitled to look to current receipts for the payment of current debts. But no absolute rule on the subject has been prescribed by statute or by judicial decisions. A claim accruing back of the six months immediately preceding the appointment of a receiver may, under the circumstances of particular cases, be accorded the same priority in the distribution of earnings that belongs to like claims arising within that period. Touching this question of time’and the principles upon which the equitable rights of creditors in such cases as this rest, Mr. Justice Brewer said, in Blair v. St. Louis &c. Railway Co., 22 Fed. Rep. 471, 474 : “ The idea which underlies them I take to be this: that the management of a large business, like that of a railroad company, cannot be conducted on a cash basis. Temporary credit, in the nature of things, is indispensable. Its employés cannot be paid every month. It cannot settle with other roads its traffic balances at the close of every day. Time to adjust and settle these various matters is indispensable. Because, in the nature of things, this is so, such temporary credits must be taken as assented to by the mortgagees. ... In this view, such temporary credits accruing prior to the appointment of the receiver must be recognized by the mortgagees *293and such claims preferred. Now, for what time prior to the appointment of a receiver may these credits be sustained? There is no arbitrary time prescribed, and it should be only such reasonable time as; in the nature of things and in the ordinary course of business, would be sufficient to have such claims settled and paid. Six months is the longest time I have noticed as yet given. Ordinarily, I think that is ample. Perhaps, in -some large concerns, with extensive lines of road and a complicated business, a longer time might be necessary.”

What was done with the earnings of the property that originally came to the hands of the receivers, as well, as with the earnings during the receivership under thp Clyde bill and also during the receivership in the foreclosure suit instituted by the Central Trust Company ? As to these matters there is no room for dispute. Assuming, in view of what has been said, that the claims of the Carnegie Company were current debts chargeable upon current earnings of the railroad property, even while in the hands of the receivers, and therefore to be preferred to claims of mortgage creditors, the next inquiry is whether the current receipts were applied during the receiver-ships for the benefit of the bondholders or otherwise when they should have been applied to the payment of current or preferential debts including the debts due to the Carnegie Company.

During the insolvency or Clyde receivership, from June 17, 1892, to July 31, 1893, the net earnings were $3,297,792.31. Among the items of expenditure during the same period were the following: Construction, $232,134.34; of which $19,717.05 ■ was for construction on the Danvilleroad; Equipment, $81,390.32, of which $74,733.28 was for equipment on the Danville road; Interest, Rentals and Dividends, $3,249,481.89, of which $396,522.14 was for the Danville road, $709,324 for the Virginia Midland, $20,265 for the North Eastern, and $232,127 for the Georgia Pacific road, the last four roads being those on which, according to the special masters report, the Carnegie rails were used; Sinking Eund, Richmond and Dan-ville road, five per cent equipment mortgage, $67,205, a.nd Car Trust payments, $209,500.

*294Between August 1, 1893, and December 31,1893, out of the net earnings of the Danville system, excluding certain lines, the receivers paid among other sums the following: Construction on Danville road, $9232.61; Equipment on same road, $6791.35; Interest, Rentals and Dividends, $626,735.85, which included $48,082.90 for the Danville road, Virginia Midland, $199,664.50, and $37.50 for the North Eastern Eailroad ; Sinking Fund, Danville Company, equipment mortgage, $37,790; Car Trust payments, $51,160.

The above figures are found in the statement of the result of the operations of the Danville system for the periods named.

Looking at the cash statement of the receipts and disbursements of the Richmond and Danville Railroad alone, we find that from June 16, 1892, to July 31, 1893, the receipts were $15,432,055.46. In'this sum were included $480,427.91 cash received from the Danville Company when the Clyde or insolvency receivers were appointed, and $671,363.40 collected on accounts turned over to those receivers by the railroad company. The disbursements during the above period were $15,290,730.27, leaving in the hands of the receivers on July 31, 1893, $141,325.19 in cash which was turned over to the foreclosure receivers. The disbursements included among other items the following: Interest and Reptáis, $3,249,481.89; Car Trust payments and Sinking Funds, $486,368.16.

The account of disbursements for the Danville road from August 1, 1893, to November 30, 1893, shows, among other things, the payment of Interest and Rentals, $591,457.42; Car Trust payments and Sinking Fund, $88,950.

The total floating debt'of the Richmond and Danville Railroad remaining unpaid- was $318,324.71, of which $22,186.53 represented a claim of the Western Union Telegraph Company in part for labor and supplies and in part for construction of telegraph line, and $90,000 represented a claim of the Pullman Palace Car for mileage of cars. Of the balance, $125,067.39 represented the claims of the Carnegie Company, and $80,317.98 represented all other claims.

These figures show that both during the receivership in the *295Clyde suit and the receivership in the foreclosure suit immense sums were expended in paying interest, sinking fund and car trust debts, and for construction and equipment, which were all for the benefit of mortgage creditors, and which, to the extent necessary, should have been applied in payment of preferential claims, including those of the Carnegie, Company. It is a clear case of a diversion of income from the. payment of current debts in the interest of mortgage creditors. Judge Simón ton well said: “ There can be no question that the steel rails furnished by the Carnegie Steel Company come within the class of supplies necessary to keep the railroad-company a going concern; and the evidence establishes the fact that after incurring the debt the railroad company was in the receipt of large earnings, which were applied to permanent improvements, rentals and interest on the mortgage debt; that the receivers who, under the Clyde bill, took possession of the property, earned large income which was applied in the same way, leaving this debt unpaid; and that when these receivers were discharged they showed in their accounts á cash surplus, which was duly paid over to their successors under the Central Trust Company bill.” Looking at the case in the light of the principle that a mortgagee cannót require from the mortgagor an account of the earnings, tolls and income until he has made demand therefor or for a surrender of possession under the provisions of the mortgage, Sage v. Memphis & Little Rock Railroad, 125 U. S. 361, 378; Fosdick v. Schall, 99 U. S. 235, 253, the. Circuit Court of Appeals also said: c< When, therefore, the receivers appointed at the instance of stockholders and creditors took possession, they enjoyed the same right to the earnings and income which the railroad company enjoyed, and rightfully received them. As the railroad company would have been bound to, use this income in the payment of the current expenses for labor and supplies, the receivers should have done so also; but, instead of this, the receivers diverted the earnings, income and funds .in their hands toward the betterment of the property,, permanent improvements and additions to it, and in payment of interest. And this was natural. They were appointed to *296take possession of the property and to conserve it until a, plan of reorganization could be adopted and perfected. To facilitate this plan, the property must be kept up. To this end the funds coming from earnings were used. When the purpose of the first receivership was accomplished, the mortgage creditors came in and' reaped the benefit. Surely those creditors whose claims were neglected, and from whom the earnings were diverted, have the right to ask and receive at the hands of the court the. recognition and preservation of their claims.” 42 TJ. S. App. 150. Judge Morris filed a concurring opinion and took the same general view of the case as that expressed by Judge Simonton for the court. He said. ■ that the case was that of “ a supply creditor seeking to be paid out Of the earnings which came to the receivers ..¿tor his debt matured and which were diverted by them, without opposition from the mortgagee, to expenditures which directly resulted in preserving the mortgaged property, which earnings, if the receivers had not been appointed, there is no ground' for supposing would not have been applied by the company to the payment of the supply creditor’s'debt.” 42 U..S. Ápp. 160,161.

We must not be understood as saying that a general unsecured creditor of an insolvent railroad corporation in the hands of a receiver is entitled to priority over mortgage creditors in the distribution of net earnings simply because that which he furnished to the company prior to the appointment of the receiver was for the preservation of the property and for the benefit of the mortgage securities. That, no ’ doubt, is an important element in the matter. Before, however, such a creditor is. accorded a preference over mortgage creditors in the distribution of net éarnings in the’hands of a receiver of a railroad company, it should reasonably appear from all the circumstances, including the amount involved and the, terms of payment, that the debt' was one fairly-to be regarded as part of the operating expenses of the railroad incurred in the ordinary course of business, and to be met out of current receipts.

” Passing by as unnecessary to be determined some of the questions discussed by counsel, our conclusion is that as current earnings which should have been applied in meeting cur*297rent expenses or liabilities, including the debt due the Carnegie Company, were diverted for tlie benefit of mortgage creditors, it was the duty of the court to see that that company was reinstated in its claim of priority over the mortgage creditors in the distribution or application of the net earnings of the property. That duty was properly performed by the Circuit Court, and the decree of the Circuit Court of Appeals affirming the judgment of the Circuit Court is'

Affirmed

dissenting.

As I comprehend the record, the rails for which preferential payment is now allowed did not serve the purpose of ordinary repair and maintenance of the tracks in which they were la!id. . Moreover, my understanding of the proof is that it obviously shows there was no' surplus revenue at any time legally applicable to the claim now allowed, and hence that no .such revenue was diverted to the benefit of the foreclosing mortgage ■creditors during either of the receiverships by way of betterments or otherwisé. ■ Moreover, I think the proof is clear that, conceding every possible expense which can be claimed- to have been a betterment or in any wise to have' inured- to the benefit of the, foreclosing mortgage creditors, nevertheless as such mortgage creditors have contributed to the payment of the general creditors,.by the assumption of receivers’ certificates and cash contributions, a sum largely in excess of the amount of such payments for assumed betterments, etc., the mortgage creditors are entitled to credit for their ad van des, and therefore there would be*a large balance in their favor. In effect, to state the presumed betterments and charge them against the foreclosing mortgage creditors without referring to or taking into account their contributions, is to charge them for betterments for which they have already paid. St. Louis, Alton &c. Railroad v. Cleveland, Columbus &c. Railway, 125 U. S. 658.

I therefore dissent.