*1276 The application for stay of execution of sentences of death presented to Justice ALITO and by him referred to the Court is denied. The petition for a writ of certiorari is denied.

Justice GINSBURG and Justice SOTOMAYOR would grant the application for stay of execution and the petition for a writ of certiorari.

Justice BREYER and Justice KAGAN would grant the application for stay of execution.

JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR, dissenting from denial of application for stay and denial of certiorari.

After a four-day evidentiary hearing at which seventeen witnesses testified and volumes of evidence were introduced, the District Court issued an exhaustive 101-page opinion enjoining petitioners' executions. The court found that Arkansas' current lethal-injection protocol posed a substantial risk of severe pain and that petitioners had identified available alternative methods of execution. The Eighth Circuit reversed these findings in a six-page opinion.

As Judge Kelly noted persuasively in dissent, the Eighth Circuit erred at both steps of the analysis required by Glossip v. Gross , 576 U.S. ----, 135 S.Ct. 2726 , 192 L.Ed.2d 761 (2015). First, it failed to defer to the District Court's extensive factual findings and instead substituted its own. See id ., at ----, 135 S.Ct., at 2739 (a district court's findings of fact regarding risk of pain are "review[ed] ... under the deferential 'clear error' standard"). The Court of Appeals thus erroneously swept aside the District Court's well-supported finding that midazolam creates a substantial risk of severe pain. Second, it imposed a restrictive view of what qualifies as an "available" alternative under Glossip .

I continue to harbor significant doubts about the wisdom of imposing the perverse requirement that inmates offer alternative methods for their own executions. Id ., at ----, 135 S.Ct., at 2792-2793 (SOTOMAYOR, J., dissenting); see also Arthur v. Dunn , 580 U.S. ----, 137 S.Ct. 725 , 197 L.Ed.2d 225 (2017) (SOTOMAYOR, J., dissenting from denial of certiorari). But given the life-or death consequences, the Court, having imposed this requirement, should provide clarification and guidance when the Circuits are divided as to its meaning. Compare App. to Pet. for Cert. 4a-7a, with Arthur v. Commissioner, Ala. Dept. of Corrections , 840 F.3d 1268 , 1299-1304 (C.A.11 2016), and In re Ohio Execution Protocol , --- F.3d ----, ---- - ----, and n. 1, 2017 WL 1457946 , *5-*9, and n. 1 (C.A.6, Apr. 25, 2017).

I dissent from the Court's refusal to do so.

Justice BREYER, dissenting from denial of application for stay of execution.

Arkansas set out to execute eight people over the course of 11 days. Why these eight? Why now? The apparent reason has nothing to do with the heinousness of their crimes or with the presence (or absence) of mitigating behavior. It has nothing to do with their mental state. It has nothing to do with the need for speedy punishment. Four have been on death row for over 20 years. All have been housed in solitary confinement for at least 10 years. Apparently the reason the State decided to proceed with these eight executions is that the 'use by' date of the State's execution drug is about to expire. See No. 17-1804, at p. 23 (case below) (CA8 Apr. 17, 2017) (Kelly, J., dissenting); see also Brief in Opposition to Application for Stay of Executions and Certiorari 11 and Exh. 1. In my view, that factor, when considered as a determining factor separating those *1277 who live from those who die, is close to random.

I have previously noted the arbitrariness with which executions are carried out in this country. See Glossip v. Gross, 576 U.S. ----, 135 S.Ct. 2726 , 192 L.Ed.2d 761 (2015) (BREYER, J., dissenting). And I have pointed out how the arbitrary nature of the death penalty system, as presently administered, runs contrary to the very purpose of a "rule of law." Id., at ----, 135 S.Ct., at 2759 . The cases now before us reinforce that point.