Middleton v. Florida

For the reasons set forth in my concurring opinions in Hurst v. Florida, 577 U.S. ----, ----, 136 S.Ct. 616 , 193 L.Ed.2d 504 (2016) (opinion concurring in judgment), and Ring v. Arizona, 536 U.S. 584 , 613, 122 S.Ct. 2428 , 2445, 153 L.Ed.2d 556 (2002) (same), I would vacate and remand these cases for the Florida Supreme Court to address the Eighth Amendment issue in the first instance. I therefore agree with the dissenting opinion of Justice SOTOMAYOR. In my view, "the Eighth Amendment requires individual jurors to make, and to take responsibility for, a decision to sentence a person to death." Id., at 619 , 122 S.Ct. 2428 . I respectfully dissent.

Justice SOTOMAYOR, with whom Justice GINSBURG joins, dissenting from the denial of certiorari.

Yet again, the Florida Supreme Court has failed to address an important Eighth Amendment claim raised by capital defendants regarding the propriety of jury instructions that repeatedly emphasized that the jurors' role in sentencing the defendants to death was merely advisory. I dissented once before from the denial of certiorari in Truehill v. Florida, --- U.S. ----, ----, 138 S.Ct. 3 , 199 L.Ed.2d 272 (2017), based on the same failure. Because two more capital cases have now come and gone without any change, from either the court below or this Court, I feel compelled to elaborate further.

Like the two petitioners in Truehill, Dale Middleton and Randy Tundidor were sentenced to death under a Florida capital sentencing scheme that this Court has since declared unconstitutional. See Hurst v. Florida, 577 U.S. ----, 136 S.Ct. 616 , 193 L.Ed.2d 504 (2016). Relying on the unanimity of the juries' recommendations of death, the Florida Supreme Court post- Hurst declined to disturb the petitioners' death sentences, reasoning that the unanimity ensured that jurors had made the necessary findings of fact under Hurst . By doing so, the Florida Supreme Court effectively transformed the pre- Hurst jury recommendations into binding findings of fact with respect to the petitioners' death sentences.

*830 Having so concluded, the Florida Supreme Court continually refuses to grapple with the Eighth Amendment implications of that holding. If those then-advisory jury findings are now binding and sufficient to satisfy Hurst, petitioners contend that their sentences violate the Eighth Amendment because the jury instructions in their cases repeatedly emphasized the nonbinding, advisory nature of the jurors' role and that the judge was the final decisionmaker. This Court has unequivocally held "that it is constitutionally impermissible to rest a death sentence on a determination made by a sentencer who has been led to believe that the responsibility for determining the appropriateness of the defendant's death rests elsewhere." Caldwell v. Mississippi, 472 U.S. 320 , 328-329, 105 S.Ct. 2633 , 2639-2640, 86 L.Ed.2d 231 (1985).

At least four times now, capital defendants in Florida have come to this Court, their last resort before their death sentences become final, seeking our intervention on this issue. Each time, this Court has refused to act, letting stand the petitioners' death sentences despite the substantiality of their unaddressed Eighth Amendment challenges. Because I continue to believe that "the stakes in capital cases are too high to ignore such constitutional challenges," Truehill, at ----, 138 S.Ct., at 4 , I again dissent from this inaction and would vacate and remand these cases to the Florida Supreme Court.