Larson v. Commissioner

The plea agreement also provided that petitioner reserved the right to present any information to respondent as part of settling his civil liabilities for the years under indictment. Also at that same hearing, *195 in response to questions by the judge, petitioner testified that he did not declare as much income as he had for 1979 and that he attempted to evade or defeat his income tax for that year.

The doctrine of judicial estoppel "prevents parties in subsequent judicial proceedings from asserting positions contradictory to those they previously have affirmatively persuaded a court to accept." Huddleston v. Commissioner, 100 T.C.    ,     (1993) (slip op. at 15), and cases cited therein. Judicial estoppel focuses on the relationship between the court and a party and should be "applied with caution to avoid impinging on the truth-seeking function of the court because the doctrine precludes a contradictory position without examining the truth of either statement." (Fn. ref. omitted.) Teledyne Industries, Inc. v. NLRB, 911 F.2d 1214, 1218 (6th Cir. 1990). The doctrine of judicial estoppel, unlike collateral estoppel, is discretionary with the court because the purpose of judicial estoppel is to preserve the integrity of the courts by preventing abuse of the judicial process. See Huddleston v. Commissioner, supra at     (slip op. at 15), *196 and cases cited therein; Teledyne Industries, Inc. v. NLRB, supra at 1217.

We do not see the need nor do we feel compelled to employ the doctrine of judicial estoppel in the setting of this case. Here, respondent is attempting to establish petitioners' tax liability without the opportunity of trial or contradiction by petitioners. Petitioners may attempt to collaterally attack the criminal judgment and underlying proceeding. For example, petitioners assert in their cross-motion for summary judgment that the plea agreement and criminal judgment of conviction were obtained by coercion or duress. The use of judicial estoppel, if appropriate in this case, would be better employed in the face of a change of position by petitioners. In that regard, we are not certain that petitioner's responses to the assistant U.S. attorney and District Court judge would, for purposes of judicial estoppel, constitute his "position" in that proceeding. Nor do we think that there was a judicial acceptance of these responses, in the sense required to raise a judicial estoppel, since the precise amount of the underpayment was not an element of the criminal case, so*197 long as the District Court judge was satisfied that petitioner's liability for unpaid tax for 1979 was substantial.

We also note that petitioner's testimony under oath may well be available to respondent for purposes of impeachment during cross-examination to deter petitioner from contradicting prior statements to the court. See Fed. R. Evid. 801(d)(1)(A). Additionally, petitioner's testimony may also constitute an admission within the meaning of rule 801(d)(2) of the Federal Rules of Evidence. Accordingly, it appears that the integrity of the judicial process can be adequately addressed by other more appropriate means during any further proceedings in this case. For these reasons, respondent's motion for partial summary judgment will be denied.

Petitioners' cross-motion for summary judgment involves four separate aspects. After a review of each of the four aspects, it is clear that none of them is ripe for summary judgment. Rule 121(b) provides that a motion for summary judgment shall be granted if the pleadings and admissions show that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that a decision may be rendered as a matter of law. Naftel v. Commissioner, 85 T.C. 527, 529 (1985).*198 The moving party bears the burden of proving that there is no genuine issue of material fact. Marshall v. Commissioner, 85 T.C. 267, 271 (1985). The facts are viewed in a light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Jacklin v. Commissioner, 79 T.C. 340, 344 (1982).

With these principles in mind, we discuss each of the four aspects advanced by petitioners for summary judgment. First, petitioners assert that respondent's reconstruction of their income for 1978 through 1980 by means of the net worth method is invalid for lack of an accurate starting point. This aspect involves consideration of a purely factual matter which, based upon petitioners' allegation, will involve a dispute about material facts. Summary judgment is not appropriate for this aspect.

Second, petitioners make the assertion that there is "no substantive or supportive evidence for" respondent's determination of deficiencies in the notice of deficiency. In other words, petitioners argue that respondent's determination is arbitrary and capricious. Petitioners do not, in any way, explain the basis for their argument, but attack by means of a generality. *199 The notice of deficiency (which consists of more than 40 pages, including specific schedules) contains a lengthy and highly detailed explanation of the recomputation of income by means of the net worth method. Without further explanation from petitioners, it is not possible to decide whether this is one of those rare occasions where we will look behind the notice of deficiency and require a showing by respondent. See Greenberg's Express, Inc. v. Commissioner, 62 T.C. 324 (1974); Jackson v. Commissioner, 73 T.C. 394, 400-401 (1979). Accordingly, this issue is not ripe for summary judgment.

The third aspect of petitioners' summary judgment cross-motion is described as "reasonable cause", and it relates to whether petitioners were fraudulent within the meaning of section 6653(b) for the 1978 and 1980 taxable years. On that issue respondent bears the burden of proof. See sec. 7454(a); Rule 142(b). Petitioners' explanation regarding that issue, at this juncture in the proceeding, is premature and not ripe for summary judgment.

Finally, petitioners attempt to collaterally attack the guilty plea for the 1979 taxable year*200 in an attempt to avoid the application of collateral estoppel regarding the addition to tax under section 6653(b). Petitioners argue that the plea was not voluntarily given and, accordingly, is not effective for estoppel purposes. This position raises a material factual question which is clearly in dispute between the parties. Therefore, this aspect of petitioners' cross-motion is not ripe for summary judgment.

In view of the foregoing, petitioners' cross-motion for summary judgment will also be denied.

To reflect the foregoing,

An appropriate order will be issued denying both parties' motions for summary judgment.