AREGONI v. COMMISSIONER

GOLDBERG, Special Trial Judge: This case was heard pursuant to the provisions of section 7463 of the Internal Revenue Code in effect at the time the petition was filed. The decision to be entered is not reviewable by any other court, and this opinion should not be cited as authority. Unless otherwise indicated, subsequent section references are to the Internal Revenue Code in effect for the year in issue, and all Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure.

Respondent determined a deficiency in petitioner's Federal income tax of $ 3,319 for the taxable year 2000.

The issue for decision is whether petitioner is entitled to deduct $ 26,385 for job expenses and other miscellaneous deductions.

Background

Some of the facts have been stipulated and are so found. The stipulation of facts and the attached exhibits are incorporated herein by this reference. Petitioner resided in Chicago, Illinois, on*13 the date the petition was filed in this case.

Petitioner was a financial consultant who was employed by Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith (Merrill Lynch) during the taxable year 2000. During the year in issue, Merrill Lynch had a reimbursement policy which stated:

[petitioner] * * * [is] entitled to be reimbursed for certain limited expenses, but * * * [is] also expected to incur expenses necessary to the job for which he would not be reimbursed. Such expenses, ordinary in this business, include travel and transportation, as well as promotional and entertainment expenses, incurred in calling on customers of Merrill Lynch for the purpose of creating sales through investment discussions.

During taxable year 2000, petitioner requested reimbursement for expenses of $ 4,866.38 incurred in furtherance of his job. Merrill Lynch reimbursed petitioner for all of the requested expenses. ¹ Petitioner did not request any further reimbursement from Merrill Lynch during taxable year 2000. Petitioner's employment at Merrill Lynch was terminated in June of 2000.

*14 Petitioner reported the following job expenses and other miscellaneous deductions on line 23 of Schedule A, Itemized Deductions, of his Federal income tax return for the taxable year 2000:

On Form 2106-EZ, Unreimbursed Employee Business Expenses, petitioner reported the following expenses:

On statement 3 attached to petitioner's return, petitioner reported that the other business expenses consisted of the following items:

Following an examination of petitioner's 2000 return, respondent issued a notice of deficiency disallowing job expenses and other miscellaneous deductions of $ 45,670.

Discussion

As a general rule, the determinations of the Commissioner in a notice of deficiency are presumed correct, and the*15 taxpayer bears the burden of proving the Commissioner's determinations to be in error. Rule 142(a); Welch v. Helvering, 290 U.S. 111, 115 (1933). As one exception to this rule, section 7491(a) places upon the Commissioner the burden of proof with respect to any factual issue relating to liability for tax if the taxpayer maintained adequate records, satisfied the substantiation requirements, cooperated with the Commissioner, and introduced during the Court proceeding credible evidence with respect to the factual issue. We decide the issue in this case without regard to the burden of proof. Accordingly, we need not decide whether the general rule of section 7491(a)(1) is applicable in this case. See Higbee v. Commissioner, 116 T.C. 438 (2001).

Moreover, deductions are a matter of legislative grace, and the taxpayer bears the burden of proving that he or she is entitled to the claimed deductions. INDOPCO, Inc. v. Commissioner, 503 U.S. 79, 84 (1992); New Colonial Ice Co. v. Helvering, 292 U.S. 435, 440 (1934). With these well-established propositions in mind, we must determine whether petitioner has satisfied his burden of proving that*16 he is entitled to deductions for job expenses and other miscellaneous deductions in excess of the $ 19,285 conceded by respondent.

Section 162(a) allows a deduction for ordinary and necessary business expenses paid or incurred during the taxable year in carrying on any trade or business. For an expense to be "ordinary" the transaction that gives rise to the expense must be of a common or frequent occurrence in the type of business involved. Deputy v. du Pont, 308 U.S. 488, 495 (1940). To be "necessary" an expense must be "appropriate and helpful" to the taxpayer's business. Welch v. Helvering, supra at 113-114. The performance of services as an employee constitutes a trade or business. See sec. 1.162-17(a), Income Tax Regs. The employee must show the relationship between the expenditures and the employment. See Evans v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1974-267. The taxpayer bears the burden of substantiation. Hradesky v. Commissioner, 65 T.C. 87, 90 (1975), affd. per curiam 540 F.2d 821 (5th Cir. 1976). Section 6001 and the regulations promulgated thereunder require taxpayers to maintain records sufficient*17 to permit verification of income and expenses. As a general rule, if the trial record provides sufficient evidence that the taxpayer has incurred a deductible expense, but the taxpayer is unable to adequately substantiate the precise amount of the deduction to which he or she is otherwise entitled, the Court may estimate the amount of the deductible expense, bearing heavily against the taxpayer whose inexactitude in substantiating the amount of the expense is of his own making, and allow the deduction to that extent. Cohan v. Commissioner, 39 F.2d 540 (2d Cir. 1930). However, in order for the Court to estimate the amount of an expense, the Court must have some basis upon which an estimate may be made. Vanicek v. Commissioner, 85 T.C. 731, 742-743 (1985). Without such a basis, any allowance would amount to unguided largesse. Williams v. United States, 245 F.2d 559, 560-561 (5th Cir. 1957).

In the case of travel expenses, entertainment expenses, and expenses paid or incurred with respect to listed property, e.g., passenger automobiles, section 274 overrides the Cohan doctrine, and expenses are deductible only if the taxpayer meets the section's*18 stringent substantiation requirements. Secs. 274(d), 280F(d)(4); Sanford v. Commissioner, 50 T.C. 823, 827-828 (1968), affd. 412 F.2d 201 (2d Cir. 1969); sec. 1.274-5T(a), Temporary Income Tax Regs., 50 Fed. Reg. 46014 (Nov. 6, 1985).

Section 274(d) specifically provides:

SEC. 274(d). Substantiation Required.--No deduction or credit shall be allowed--