Opinion

1 1 This case is before the court on interlocutory appeal from the trial court's November 23, 2011 Order determining that LM. (Father) was not required to consent to the adoption of his child, R.M. (Child), by J.B. (Stepfather). We reverse and remand.

*758BACKGROUND

T2 Father and A.B. (Mother) are the parents of Child, who was born in July 2002. Father and Mother lived together until Child was six months old but were never married. Father was listed on Child's birth certificate, and both parents executed a voluntary declaration of paternity recognizing Father as Child's father. Understandably, given these facts, the parties did not initiate a paternity case at that time.1

T3 Mother married Stepfather on October 19, 2004. On July 20, 2010, when Child was eight years old, Mother and Stepfather filed a Verified Complaint for Adoption and to Terminate Parental Rights of the Natural Father. Father failed to file an answer, and the trial court entered a Decree of Adoption on September 7, 2010. Father filed a Motion to Set Aside Default Judgment and Memorandum of Authority on October 19, 2010. The trial court set aside the decree on the basis that Father was not provided sufficient advance notice of the hearing. However, at a hearing on April 22, 2011, the trial court determined that Father's filing of a declaration of paternity was insufficient to establish his right to consent to Child's adoption. The trial court did not address Father's co-equal status with Mother on the birth certificate but explained that an unmarried biological father must comply with Utah Code section 78B-6-120(1)(f) by establishing compliance with sections 78B-6-121 and 78B-6-122 (the paternity provisions), regardless of whether he filed a declaration of paternity, in order for his consent to adoption to be required. See generally Utah Code Aun. §§ 78B-6-120 to -122 (LexisNexis 2012)2 The trial court granted Father leave to file an interlocutory appeal and stayed the adoption and paternity actions pending the outcome of the appeal.

ISSUE AND STANDARD OF REVIEW

T4 Father argues that the trial court erred in interpreting section 78B-6-120(1) as requiring an unmarried biological father who files a declaration of paternity to also establish compliance with the paternity provisions. "The interpretation of a statute is a question of law that we review for correctness without any deference to the legal conclusions of the district court." Jaques v. Midway Auto Plaza, Inc., 2010 UT 54, ¶ 11, 240 P.3d 769.

ANALYSIS

15 Utah Code section 78B-6-120(1) identifies seven classes of individuals who must consent to an adoption: (a) the adoptee if over twelve years old; (b) a presumptive or adoptive father; (c) the mother; (d) a biological parent who has been adjudicated as such prior to the mother's relinquishment; (e) a biological parent who has filed a declaration of paternity; (£) an unmarried biological father3 who has complied with the paternity provisions; and (g) an agency to whom the child has been relinquished.4 See Utah Code *759Ann. § 78B-6-120(1). Father argues that because he filed a declaration of paternity, which was signed by Mother, his consent to Child's adoption is required under subsection (e). Mother and Stepfather maintain that an unmarried biological father who files a declaration of paternity under subsection (e) must also comply with the paternity provisions under subsection (£) in order for his consent to be required. The trial court agreed with Mother and Stepfather and determined that the filing of a declaration of paternity alone is insufficient to give a biological father the right to consent to an adoption if he has not also complied with the paternity provisions.

16 Subsection (£) is worded in such a way as to suggest that compliance with the paternity provisions is the exclusive means for an unmarried biological father, such as Father, to establish his right to consent to adoption: "[Clonsent to adoption of a child . is required from ... an unmarried biological father of an adoptee, only if he fully and strictly complies with the [paternity provisions.]" Id. § 78B-6-120(1)(F) (emphasis added). "Because we assume that the legislature used each term in the statute advisedly, we read the statute's words literally unless such a reading is unreasonably confused or inoperable." Paar v. Stubbs, 2005 UT App 310, 16, 117 P.3d 1079 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). Nevertheless, we must "interpret[ ] statutes to give meaning to all parts, and avoid[ ] rendering portions of the statute superfluous." Id. (alterations in original) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). Here, reading literally the language of subsection (£) that an unmarried biological father's consent is required only if he complies with the paternity provisions leads to a "confused or inoperable" result, see id. (citation and internal quotation marks omitted), in light of the rest of section 78B-6-120(1), to which we must also give meaning.

7 It is clear when reading section 78B-6-120(1) in its entirety that there are, in fact, three different ways for an unmarried biological father to obtain the right to consent to an adoption: (1) he may be adjudicated as the child's father, (2) he may file a declaration of paternity, or (8) he may demonstrate compliance with the paternity provisions. See Utah Code Ann. § 78B-6-120(1)(d)-F). To read the statute any other way would render subsections (d) and (e) superfluous.5 Furthermore, given the structure of section 78B-6-120(1), identifying seven distinct classes of individuals entitled to consent, it would be illogical to declare that certain individuals must actually fall into more than one category in order for their consent to be required, while other individuals must meet the requirements of only one category.6

*760T8 Mother and Stepfather assert that subsection (£) would be rendered meaningless if an unmarried biological father could establish his paternity and thus his right to consent by merely filing a declaration of paternity. As they put it, "Lf all an unmarried biological father has to do is to file a voluntary declaration of paternity ..., then why would he go through the trouble of 'fully and strictly' complying with [the paternity provisions] ... ?" The answer is that not all unmarried biological fathers will be able to file a declaration of paternity because such a declaration "must ... be signed by the birth mother," Utah Code Ann. § 78B-15-802(1)(c) (LexisNexis 2012). "[A] valid declaration of paternity filed with the Office of Vital Records is equivalent to a legal finding of paternity of a child and confers upon the declarant father all of the rights and duties of a parent."7 Id. § T8B-15-305(1); see also In re S.H., 2005 UT App 324, ¶ 15, 119 P.3d 309 ("For the purposes of establishing paternity, a voluntary declaration of paternity, duly signed and filed, has the same effect as a judicial determination of paternity."). Given the legal effect of such a declaration, it cannot be filed by the father unilaterally. Thus, while filing a declaration of paternity is certainly the simpler option, and was, as previously noted, the option exercised by Father and Mother in this case, that option is not available to all unmarried biological fathers. If the birth mother declines to acknowledge the unmarried biological father's paternity and refuses to sign the declaration of paternity, he will have to comply with the paternity provisions in order for his consent to be required. Thus, the fact that the paternity provisions are more demanding does not foreclose the possibility that an unmarried biological father could acquire the right to consent by simply filing a declaration of paternity.

CONCLUSION

T9 For all of these reasons, we conclude that subsections (e) and (F of Utah Code section 78B-6-120(1) each identify a separate means of perfecting parental rights and that the consent of an unmarried biological father complying with subsection (e) is thus required for adoption regardless of whether he has complied with the paternity provisions. We therefore reverse the trial court's determination that Father's consent was not required.