Opinion

11 This is a child custody dispute arising from a 2011 divoree. On cross-petitions for modification, the district court found a material and substantial change of cireumstances and modified the parties'" stipulated school-year custody schedule from a 7/7 schedule to a 9/5 schedule. 2 We conclude that the district court acted within its discretion in modifying the decree; accordingly, we affirm.

BACKGROUND

12 Armando Zavala (Father) and Leonor Zavala (Mother) married in 2007 and divorced in 2011. They had one child. The stipulated Decree of Divorce awarded the parties joint legal and physical custody of the child. The parties stipulated to an equal time-sharing arrangement under which the child resided with Father 182 nights a year and with Mother 183 nights a year, The decree ordered Father to pay $149 per month as base child support. The decree was entered in February 2011.

18 Seven months later, Mother ffled a Petition to Modify Parent Time seeking to reduce Father's parent time on the ground that the child "needs routine and a stable environment." Two months later, Father filed a counter-petition seeking sole legal and physical custody of the child on the ground that Mother's relocations were not in the *425 child's best interest. The court appointed a custody evaluator, Dr. Todd Dunn. Mother retained an expert, Dr. Matthew Davies.

T4 The court held a trial over five days. Both parties and both experts testified. Dr. Dunn recommended that Father have nine nights out of fourteen 'nights, because it would "ereate less conflict." Dr. Davies opined that Dr. Dunn's arrangement would not reduce conflict. :

T5 The district court entered Amended Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, an Order of Modification, and an order denying Father's post-trial motions, The court amended the decree in two respects. First, it amended the par-hes school-year custody schedule, awarding Mother nine out of every fourteen nights with the child during the school year, The court left the summer custody schedule intact, Second, based on the amended, custody 'schedule and Father's increased income, the court increased his child support from $149 a month fo $354 a month. The court also ordered Mother to pay Dr. Davies's fees and Father to pay Dr. Dunn's fees. Father appeals.

ISSUES ON APPEAL

16 First, Father contends that the district court erred by modifying the custody arrangement without first finding a material and substantial change of cireumstances since the entry of the decree.

T7 Second, Father contends that the district court committed plain error when it "included and considered events that occurred prior to the entry of the decree."

8 Third, Father contends that the district court's findings do not support its eustody order.

19 Fourth, Father contends that the district court "failed to consider the 4-903 factors" under the Utah Rules of Judicial Administration. See Utah R. Jud. Admin, 4-908.

10 Fifth, Father contends that the district court erred in rejecting the recommendations of Dr. Todd Dunn, the court-appom‘o-ed custody evaluator,

€ 11 Finally, Father contends that the dis-triet court erred in requiring him to pay Dr. Dunn's expert witness fees.

< ANALYSIS ‘

I. Father Invited Any Error in the District Court's Finding of a Material and Substantial Change of Cireumstances

112 First, Father contends that the district court erred by modifying the custody arrangement without first finding a material and substantial change of cirenmstances had occurred since the entry of the divorce decree. The " 'determination of the trial court that there [has or has not] been a substantial change of cireumstances ... is presumed valid, and we review the ruling under an abuse of discretion standard'" Doyle v. Doyle, 2009 UT App 306, ¶ 7, 221 P.3d 888 (alteration and omission in original) (quoting Young v. Young, 2009 UT App 3, ¶ 4, 201 P.3d 301), aff'd 2011 UT 42, 258 P.3d 553.

118 Under Utah Code section 30-8 10.4(2)(b), "a court order modifying ... an existing joint legal or physical custody order shall contain written findings that: (1) a material and substantial change of cireamstance has occurred; and (if) a modification ... would be an improvement for and in the best interest of the child." Utah Code Ann. § 80-3-104(2)(b) (LexisNexis 2012), Thus, "the party seeking modification must demonstrate (1) that since the time of the previous decree, there have been changes in the circumstances upon which the previous award was based; and (2) that those changes are sufficiently substantial and material to justify reopening the question of custody." Hogge v. Hogge, 649 P.2d 51, 54 (Utah 1982).

{14 The parties disagree over whether modifying a stipulated--as opposed to an adjudicated-custody award requires a finding of a material and substantial change of cireumstances. In Himer v. Eimer, our supreme court held that when custody decrees are not adjudicated, "the res judicata policy underlying the changed-civreumstances rule is at a particularly low ebb.". 776 P.2d 599, 608 (Utah 1989).

{15 This court seemed to take the analysis a step further when it applied Elmer in *426 Woodward v. LaFranco, stating that "when the trial court considers a petition to modify an unadjudicated divorce decree, ... it is unnecessary for the trial court to make a threshold determination of material change in cireumstances." 2018 UT App 147, ¶ 32, 305 P.3d 181. Mother maintains that, post-Woodward, "courts are no longer required to make a finding of substantial change in circumstances when the parties stipulated and agreed upon the custody provisions in the Decree of Divorce." We take this opportum~ ty to clarify.

16 The required finding of a material and substantial change of cireumstances is statutory. Neither this court nor the supreme court has purported to-or could-alter that requirement, See Hooban v. Unicity Int'l, Inc., 2012 UT 40, 120 n. 4, 285 P.3d 766 (stating "our cases cannot be read to override the clear terms of [a] statute"). Rather, our courts have recognized the requirement for what it is: a legislative expression of the principle of res judicata. If a custody award has already been entered, custody will not be re-examined absent a material and substantial change of circumstances.

117 But whether a change of cireum-stances qualifies as "sufficiently substantial and material to justify reopening the question of custody," Hogge, 649 P.2d at 54, depends on the nature of the underlying custody award. In the case of a stipulated award, in Eimer's parlance, the res judicata policy underlying the changed-cireumstances rule is at a low ebb, because "an unadjudicated custody decree is not based on an objective, impartial determination of the best interests of the child." Elmer, 776 P.2d at 603. . In such a case, the court does not re-determine the custody award, but adjudicates it for the first time. - Thus, a lesser showing will support modifying a stipulated award than would be required to modify an adjudicated award,

§118 EHimer's balancing of interests thus respects the statutory framework, ree-ognizes the true nature of thé inquiry, and-most importantly-accords priority to the best interest of the child. Any contrary statements in Woodward notwithstanding, Eimer does not permit the best-interest inquiry to swallow up the changed-cireum-stances inquiry: "Even an overwhelming case for the best interest of the child could not compensate for a lack of proof of a change in .cireumstances." Doyle v. Doyle, 2011 UT 42, ¶ 38, 258 P.3d 553. 3

119 We turn now to. Father's contention that the district court erred by modifying the custody arrangement without first finding a material and substantial change of cireum-stances had occurred since the entry of the decree. The district court rejected this contention in connection with Father's post-trial motions. In keeping with the foregoing analysis, the district court recognized its duty to find a material and . substantial change of cireumstances. The court also noted, again in keeping with the foregoing analysis, that the eross-petitions to modify represented the first opportunity for any court to evaluate the best interest of the child in the custody context, thus recognizing a relaxed standard for assessing whether any change of ciream-stances qualified as material and substantial.

$20 The court also observed that both parties had alleged that cirenmstances had changed sufficiently to warrant a modification of the custody award. On appeal, Mother argues that by filing a petition alleging a material and substantial change of circumstances, Father waived any claim that such a change had not occurred. 'We agree.

121 Under the invited-error doe-trine, "a litigant may not induce the trial court to make a ruling and then argue on appeal that the ruling was in error." Kerr v. Salt Lake City, 2013 UT 75, ¶ 44, 322 P.3d 669. The invited-error doctrine "is crafted to discourage[ ] parties from intentionally misleading the trial court so as to preserve a hidden ground for reversal on appeal" and "to give the trial court the first opportunity to address the claim of error," State v. Geukgeuzian, 2004 UT 16, ¶ 12, 86 P.3d 742 (alteration in original) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

*427 ¶ 22 Father acknowledges that in the' district court he alleged a material and substantial change of circumstances, specifically, that Mother’s “relocations and conduct constituted changes in circumstances sufficient to award him custody.” But he disputes that his allegation could have induced the district court’s finding of changed circumstances. Father reasons that the court must have rejected his allegations or it “would not have awarded custody to [Mother].”

■¶ 23 This is not how we read the record. In denying Father’s post-trial motions, the district court noted that 27 of its amended findings “discuss in detail the changed circumstances warranting a custody modification.” Relevant here, the court found that “[s]ince the entry of the Decree of Divorce,” Mother “relocated at least 2 separate occa-. sions,” first from West Valley City to Layton, then from Layton to Clearfield. The court then found the number of miles and minutes of travel time separating each of Mother’s new residences from Father’s residence. We thus conclude that the district court relied on the very change of circumstances Father alleged.

¶ 24 Father reasons that the district court must have rejected his allegation of a material and substantial change of circumstances because the court did not award Father sole custody. This argument confused the changed-circumstances inquiry with the best-interest inquiry. The district court’s findings show that the court rejected Father’s position with respect to the latter, not the former.

¶ 25 The district court entered findings on the question of a material and substantial change of circumstances. And because the court relied • on the 'very facts that Father himself argued justified modifying the custody award, we reject under the invited-error doctrine Father’s contention that the court failed to find a material and substantial change of circumstances.

II. The District Court Properly Considered Pre-Decree Facts

¶ 26 Father next contends that the district court committed plain error when it “included and considered events that occurred prior to the entry of the decree.” He notes that the court’s - ruling “identifies a number of events • that occurred prior to the parties’ divorce and, by their inclusion in [its] findings, were obviously part of [its] ruling.”

¶27 To. establish plain error, an appellant must show, “(i) [a]n error exists; (ii) the error should have been obvious to the trial court; and (iii) the error is harmful, i.e., absent the error, there is a reasonable likelihood of a more favorable outcome for the appellant, or phrased differently, our confidence in the verdict is undermined.” State v. Dunn, 850 P.2d 1201, 1208-09 (Utah 1993); see also Danneman v. Danneman, 2012 UT App 249, ¶ 10, 286 P.3d 309. “To establish that an error should have been obvious to the trial court, [an appellant] must show that the law governing the error was clear at the time the alleged error was made.” State v. Dean, 2004 UT 63, ¶ 16, 95 P.3d 276 (citing State v. Eldredge, 773 P.2d 29, 35-36 (Utah 1989)). Thus, an obvious error is one that contravenes “settled appellate law,” State v. Ross, 951 P.2d 236, 239 (Utah Ct.App. 1997), or “the plain language of the relevant statute,” State v. Low, 2008 UT 58, ¶ 41, 192 P.3d 867.

¶.28 Here, the relevant statute provides that the district court may modify an order establishing joint legal or physical custody only if the circumstances of the child, or one or both parents (or joint legal or physical custodians), “have materially and substantially changed since the entry of the order to be modified.” Utah Code Ann. § 30-3-10.4(1) (LexisNexis 2012)C However, that statute does not remove pre-decree conduct from the inquiry; in fact the opposite is true. ‘When determining whether there has been a substantial change in circumstances, the district court will consider the nature and materiality of any changes in those circumstances upon which the earlier award of custody was based,’ ” Snyder v. Snyder, 2015 UT App 245, ¶ 10, 360 P.3d 796 (quoting Hogge v. Hogge, 649 P.2d 51, 54 (Utah 1982)).

¶29 Furthermore, the controlling statute states, “In determining whether the best interest of a child will be served by either modifying or terminating the joint legal or *428 physical custody order, the court shall, in addition to other factors the court considers relevant, consider the factors outlined in Seetion 30-3-10 and Subsection 30-8-10.2(2)." Utah Code Ann. § 80-8-104(@)(a). The factors outlined in those subsections guide the court's original custody award and include the ~parties "past conduct," id. § 80-3-10(1)(a)G); their "past and present ability ... to cooperate with each other"; "any history of, or potential for, child abuse"; and "any other factors the court finds relevant," id. § 80-8-10.2(2)(b), -(1), -J). Nothing in the statutes states or implies that, in determining whether modifying a custody award would serve the best interest of the child, the court must confine its inquiry to the parties' conduct after entry of the original custody award.

{380 Rather than excluding the parties' pre-decree conduct from the inquiry, the controlling statutes invite the district court to include it. Accordingly, the district court did not err, obviously or otherwise, in considering in the changed-cireumstances inquiry all material facts, including events and conduct that occurred before entry of the original divoree decree.

III. The District Court's Findings ' Support Its Custody Award"

131 Father next contends that the district court's findings do not support its custody order. Under the court's custody order, Father and Mother continue to exercise joint legal and physical custody of the child; however, the school-year visitation schedule changes from a 7/7 schedule to a 9/5 schedule, with Mother having nine overnights and Father having five overnights per fortnight.

182 "A trial court is given particularly broad discretion in the area of child custody incident to separation or divorce proceedings." Doyle v. Doyle, 2011 UT 42, ¶ 40, 258 P.3d 553 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). We will reverse "[olnly where trial court action is so flagrantly unjust as to constitute an abuse of discretion." Id. (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

T 33 Father acknowledges an adequate evi-dentiary basis for the following findings: that since the divorcee Mother has been a more-or-less full-time caregiver; that Mother has greater ability to provide parental care over surrogate care; that Father has relied exclusively on' child care during the week; that Father failed to list Mother as a parent or emergency contact at the child-care facility; that for a period of at least three months-and perhaps six. months-Father cut off all telephone communication between Mother and the child during Father's parent time; and that Father had posted a comment online to the effect that he was hung over on Christmas morning 2011, a time when the child was staying with him. In addition, Father does not challenge the court's findings that since the divorcee, Mother moved from West Valley City to Layton and then to Clearfield, that the child is enrolled in a school in Syracuse, and that the school is 43 miles from Father's residence.

~T34 Father challenges other findings as irrelevant, lacking evidentiary support, or contrary to the court's ultimate ruling. But even if Father were correct about those other findings-a question on which we express no opinion-we could not in the face of the findings summarized above conclude that the district court's alteration of the school-year custody schedule is "so flagrantly unjust as to constitute an abuse of discretion." See id. (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). >

IV. The District Court Considered the Relevant Factors

~ 135 Father next contends that the district court "failed to consider the 4-908 factors." See Utah R. Jud. Admin. 4-908. His brief discusses the 12 subsections and sub-subsections of Utah Rule of Judicial Administration 4-908(5) and addresses the extent to which, in his view, the district court considered or failed to consider each.

136 To be clear, rule 4-908 governs the qualification and selection of custody evaluators and the evaluations they generate. Its stated purpose is to "establish uniform guidelines for the preparation of custody evaluations" Id. The rule specifies factors that *429 "evaluators must consider and respond to." Id. R. 4-9083(5). But it "does not direct the court to consider the factors enumerated therein; it merely directs that custody evaluations shall be performed by qualified profes-gionals, and it directs those professionals to consider a number of factors in making a report to the court." Williams v. Williams, 2001 UT App 380U, para. 1, 2001 WL 1383185.

137 We understand that Father uses the term "4-908 factors" as shorthand for child custody factors mentioned in case law. And in fact on appeal he quotes extensively, both directly and indirectly, from Hutchison v. Hutchison, 649 P.2d 38 (Utah 1982), In Hutchison, our supreme court listed factors to be considered in a best-interest inquiry. Id. at 41. But the supreme court in Hutchison did not purport to create a list of factors the court must consider on peril of reversal, Rather, it listed "[slome factors" that the court "may consider" in determining the child's best interest,. Id. And this court has held, "Although the court considers many factors, each is not on equal footing." Hudema v. Carpenter, 1999 UT App 290, ¶ 26, 989 P.2d 491. "Generally, it is within the trial court's discretion to determine, based on the facts before it and within the confines set by the appellate courts, where a particular factor falls within the spectrum of relative importance and to accord each factor its appropriate weight." Id. Moreover, "the factors relied on by the trial judge in awarding custody must be articulable and articulated in the judge's written findings and conclusions." - Smith v. Smith, 726 P.2d 423, 426 (Utah 1986). 4

$388 Mother argues that Father failed to preserve his claim that the district court failed to consider all the necessary factors. We agree. Father objected to the court's findings on the ground that the court "failed to consider the 4-908 factors." However, the objection did not specify any particular factor that the court had failed to consider. Rather, his objection was a one-line blanket objection.

1389 It is well settled that "claims not raised before the trial court may not be raised on appeal." State v. Holgate, 2000 UT 74, ¶ 11, 10 P.3d 346. To preserve an issue for appeal, a litigant "must enter an objection on the record that is both timely and specific." State v. Rangel, 866 P.2d 607, 611 (Utah Ct.App. 1998). "The objection must be specific enough to give the trial court notice of the very error of which [the party] complains." State v, Bryant, 965 P.2d 539, 546 (Utah Ct.App. 1998) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted), Thus, to be preserved for appeal, an issue "must be presented to the trial court in such a way that the trial court has an opportunity to rule on that issue." 438 Main St. v. Hasy Heat, Inc., 2004 UT 72, ¶ 51, 99 P.3d 801 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

40 In 438 Main Street the appellant objected that the trial court's findings were "inaccurate and incomplete.". Id. ¶ 47. The supreme court held that this objection did not preserve an appellate-claim that the findings were "insufficiently detailed to disclose how the court reached its decision." Id. ¶ 58. Similarly: here, we agree with Mother that Father's one-line blanket objection lacked the specificity to preserve his appellate claim that the court failed to consider gach of 12 factors listed in rule 4-908(5) or the factors listed in Hutchison. We reject his challenge on that ground.

"41 Alternatively, we are satisfied that the factors relied on by the district court in awarding custody are both "articula-ble and articulated in the judge's written findings .and conclusions." Smith, 726 P.2d at 426. For example, we note the following findings of the court: that a custody evaluator rated Mother as the better parent than Father; that Pather lived 48 miles from the child's school; that the parties admitted to two physical altercations between the parties in the presence of the child in which Father was the aggressor; that Mother had the greater ability to provide personal child care; that Father relied exclusively on surrogate *430 care; that Father cut off telephone communication between Mother and the child for a period of months during his parent time; and that Father failed to list Mother as a parent or an emergency contact at the child's childcare facility. 5

T 42 The best practice may well be to make findings on each of the statutory factors that sections 30-38-10 and 80-3-10.2(2) require the court to consider. And we recognize that the court's findings here do not line up neatly with the factors listed in those sections, rule 4-903, or Hutchison. But a court's findings are determined at least in part by "the facts before it." Hudema v. Carpenter, 1999 UT App 290, ¶ 26, 989 P.2d 491.

43 In sum, Father failed to preserve his objection based on custody considerations. But even if he had preserved this objection, we could not say that the district court's action was "so flagrantly unjust as to constitute an abuse of discretion." See Doyle v. Doyle, 2011 UT 42, ¶ 40, 258 P.3d 553 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

V. The District Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion in Rejecting the Court-Appointed Evaluator's Recommendations

$44 Father next contends that the district court erred in rejecting the recommendations of Dr, Todd Dunn, the court-appointed custody evaluator. "Although a district court is not bound to accept a custody evaluator's recommendation, the court is expected to articulate some reason for rejecting that recommendation." R.B. v. L.B., 2014 UT App 270, ¶ 18, 339 P.3d 137. We will not set aside the district court's findings unless clearly erroncous. Woodward v. LaFramea, 2013 UT App 147, ¶ 7, 305 P.3d 181.

(45 The district court's findings leave no doubt why the court rejected Dr. Dunn's recommendation. For example, the court found that Dr. Dunn relied heavily on text messages between the parties given to him by Father without allowing Mother the opportunity to explain or rebut them and without including all of Father's corresponding text messages; Dr. Dunn initially misapplied the "intimate partner violence schema"; Dr. Dunn supplied information .to Father that he withheld from Mother; Dr. Dunn failed to assess the step-parents' role in child care; and Dr. Dunn failed to consider Father's alcohol use. For reasons explained by Father, the court might have found otherwise on each of these points. But Father does not demonstrate-or even assert-that any of these findings are clearly erroneous. We thus conclude that the court here did "articulate some reason for rejecting" Dr. Dunn's recommendation. See R.B., 2014 UT App 270, ¶ 18, 339 P.3d 137.

VI. The District Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion in Allocating Evaluator Costs

146 Finally, Father argues that the district court erred in requiring him to pay Dr. Dunn's expert witness fees. "The determination to award taxable costs is within the sound discretion of the trial court and will not be disturbed absent an abuse of that discretion" - Ong Int'l (USA), Inc. v. 11th Ave. Corp., 850 P.2d 447, 460 (Utah 1993).

T47 Although Father's actual income is approximately three times as much as Mother's imputed income, the district court ordered the parties to bear their own attorney fees and costs. 6 In addition, the court ordered Father to pay the fee of Dr. Dunn, whom the court appointed, and Mother to pay the fee of Dr. Davies, whom Mother retained.

48 On appeal, Father argues that "the trial court failed to indicate why [it] would require only [Father] to pay the costs of the court-appointed evaluator," Dr. Dunn. Father's appellate claim parallels his post-trial motion seeking an "explanation as. to why [Father] should have to bear the entire costs of the Court's expert." But it ignores the *431 explanation given by the district court in response to that motion: "This decision was equitable, in part, because [Father's] income is significantly higher than that of [Mother,] who does not work outside of her home and has only minimum wage imputed to her." "Because [Father] fails to address the basis of the district court's ruling, we reject this challenge." See Golden Meadows Props., LC v. Strand, 2010 UT App 257, ¶ 17, 241 P.3d 375." 7

CONCLUSION

149 For the reasons stated above, the judgment of the district court is affirmed.