MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER

Plaintiffs are six individuals who lived or worked in Salt Lake City during the 2002 Salt Lake Winter Olympic Games. They contend Defendant National Security Agency, acting at the direction of former President George W. Bush and former Vice President Dick Cheney, illegally engaged in a sweeping warrantless surveillance program during those Games.1 As *1274part of that program, Plaintiffs allege the NSA unlawfully intercepted, gathered, and monitored all electronic communications in and around Salt-Lake City and all Olympic venues. Because Plaintiffs utilized email, text message, and telephone communications in these areas during the surveillance program, they contend their communications and data were necessarily intercepted.2 Plaintiffs allege the NSA continues to store all of the electronic data it collected.

The NSA now moves3 to dismiss Plaintiffs’ Amended Complaint,4 arguing Plaintiffs have not pled facts sufficient to establish standing to proceed with their claims. More specifically, the NSA submits Plaintiffs have not alleged facts plausibly showing they have suffered an injury redressable through the relief sought in this lawsuit. While not stated in so many words, the NSA’s central argument is that the Plaintiffs’ allegations are fanciful and not worthy of belief.

The NSA’s Motion turns on a disagreement between the parties about the legal standard trial courts must employ when reviewing allegations in pleadings at the motion to dismiss stage. Motions to dismiss like the one here presented require trial courts to evaluate whether a party asserting a claim has adequately pled facts plausibly suggesting an entitlement to relief. Courts perform this analysis in two steps. First, courts must review the complaint and identify any allegations not entitled to the general presumption of truth— such as legal conclusions or bare assertions of the elements of a claim. Second, courts consider whether the remaining allegations, accepted as true at this stage, are sufficient to plausibly support the claims asserted.

The parties here disagree about what kinds of allegations in pleadings trial courts must assume to be true when undertaking the first step in this analysis. Plaintiffs argue the court may not pass on the plausibility of factual allegations, but must accept those allegations as true. The NSA argues the court cannot assume the truth of factual allegations that appear implausible. The NSA contends that the allegations in the Amended Complaint supporting Plaintiffs’ Article III standing are bare assertions, lack factual support, and are implausible. The NSA argues that, as such, the court may not accept them as true, and that without these allegations Plaintiffs’ Amended Complaint fails to sufficiently plead standing.

But it is generally not the role of trial courts at the motion to dismiss stage to pass on the plausibility of otherwise well-pled factual allegations in pleadings. Trial judges ordinarily may not independently perform some undefined truth-testing function—in reliance on unstated assumptions, beliefs, and understandings unique to each judge—to determine what claims may proceed to discovery. While judges are trained to carefully assess the plausibility of legal claims in view of the facts alleged, they are not well-positioned to evaluate only on the basis of pleadings *1275the likelihood that those facts can ultimately be proven true.

The instant case illustrates this point. The court is simply in no position to evaluate at this stage of the proceeding whether the NSA engaged in the massive warrant-less surveillance program Plaintiffs allege, whether any such program was even technologically feasible at the time, or whether any of the named Defendants played a role in such a program. If the NSA engaged in the conduct alleged, it is presently unknown whether the Plaintiffs’ communications were intercepted or whether the NSA still possesses any of Plaintiffs’ data. But these are the allegations pled in Plaintiffs’ Amended Complaint. They can be tested in time, on the basis of a fully-developed record, after an opportunity for both sides to conduct discovery. At that point, any claims lacking evidentiary support can be put to rest.

Because the Amended Complaint includes adequate and sufficiently well-pled factual allegations to plausibly establish that Plaintiffs have suffered redressable injury, the court DENIES NSA’s Motion to Dismiss.5

BACKGROUND ON THE ALLEGATIONS IN THE AMENDED COMPLAINT

Plaintiffs allege in their Amended Complaint6 that the NSA and other Defendants 'violated their constitutional and statutory rights by monitoring their communications and gathering data during the 2002 Winter Olympic Games, and by continuing to store the data. Plaintiffs seek both declaratory and injunctive relief for the alleged violations.

First, Plaintiffs ask the court to declare that the NSA violated their rights under the Fourth Amendment7 and the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA).8 Second, under the First and Fourth Amendments, the Stored Communication Act, the Privacy Act, the Administrative Procedure Act, and FISA,9 Plaintiffs ask the court to enjoin the NSA “from continuing to store the communications of Plaintiffs and from making such communications accessible in the future.”10 Finally, Plaintiffs ask the court to “require Defendant NSA to disclose what has been stored, subject to future access, and provide assurances that the above-described communications by Plaintiffs have been deleted and permanently removed from any records and data stored by Defendant NSA, rendering them inaccessible for future access.”11

In response to the NSA’s Motion to Dismiss,12 Plaintiffs argue they have sufficiently pled a redressable injury to support their claims for relief. First, Plaintiffs claim they adequately allege they were injured because the NSA unlawfully collected their personal communications during the 2002 Winter Olympics without a warrant. Plaintiffs do not allege that their specific communications were targeted by the NSA, only that they were swept up in the NSA’s extremely broad surveillance program. Second, Plaintiffs argue they sufficiently allege their injury is redressable because the NSA continues to store their information.

The parties’ dispute centers on whether these allegations are entitled to a presumption of truth at this stage of the case. Therefore, the court recites the relevant *1276allegations directly from the Amended Complaint.

Allegations in the Amended Complaint Relevant to Injury:

3. Pursuant to authority provided by Bush in October 2001 and later orders, the NSA and employees and agents of the NSA illegally monitored the international telephone calls and international e-mail messages of people inside the United States without warrants. Since October 2001, Bush had authorized and ordered the NSA, in a program known as “the President’s Surveillance Program,” (and sometimes simply as “the President’s Program”), pursuant to which information gathered during the course of illegal surveillance was maintained in a “security compartment” codenamed “STELLARWIND”, to engage in widespread, warrantless, unconstitutional, felonious surveillance of email, text, internet, and telephone communications in the United States.

4. Then-Vice-President Cheney and his legal counsel Addington were instrumental in authorizing and encouraging the illegal and unconstitutional surveillance, with Addington drafting a secret written authorization for NSA Director Hayden to keep in his safe.

5. Later, that surveillance evolved, in part, into blanket, indiscriminate, war-rantless, unconstitutional and otherwise illegal surveillance of the contents of every email and text message, and the metadata of every telephone call (i.e., the times, length, and numbers involved in every telephone call), to and from every person engaging in those types of communications in Salt Lake City, Utah, and in the vicinity of every other Olympic venue, during the 2002 Salt Lake Winter Olympic Games.

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9. As part of the President’s Surveillance Program, as it evolved to even broader criminality, the NSA ... planned and implemented a mass war-rantless surveillance program ... in which blanket surveillance was attempted and achieved during a period preceding the commencement of the 2002 Salt Lake Olympic Games and throughout the period of the games, from at least February 8, 2002 (Opening Ceremony) through at least February 24 (Closing Ceremony), over everyone utilizing email, text message, and telephone communications within designated geographical areas, including Salt Lake City, Utah, and the areas including and in the vicinity of all Olympic venues. 10. That unprecedented surveillance, some of which was first disclosed in a brief description in The Wall Street Journal on August 20, 2013 (entitled “New Details Show Broader NSA Surveillance Reach,” by Siobhan Gorman and Jennifer Valentino-Devries), included the unconstitutional and otherwise illegal interception and key-word spotting analysis of the contents of every text message and email sent and received and information reflecting the time and length of, the telephone numbers involved in, every telephone conversation involving any person within the areas subjected to blanket surveillance.

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23. During the 2002 Salt Lake Winter Olympic Games, Plaintiffs utilized the services of one or more telecommunications service providers through which the NSA and Does 1-50, engaged in illegal and unconstitutional surveillance of information that included length, times, and telephone numbers involved in each telephonic communication. Plaintiffs also subscribed to telecommunication services that allowed the sending of emails and, on a regular basis, sent and received emails while they were in Salt Lake City and near other Olympic venues, all of which were subjected by the *1277NSA and FBI, and some of Does 1-50, to ... surveillance, interception, and key-word spotting analysis.

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26. Defendant Hayden was Director of the NSA from 1999 to 2005. Hayden requested and urged that the NSA be permitted to engage in widespread war-rantless surveillance of electronic communications, including text messages, emails, and telephone communications. Hayden sought and received written authorization to engage in the clearly illegal and unconstitutional surveillance and caused the NSA to engage in such surveillance, including the massive, indiscriminate, warrantless surveillance of the contents of text messages, emails, and telephone calls originating or received in Salt Lake City and in the vicinity of other Olympic venues during the 2002 Salt Lake Winter Olympic Games.13

Allegations in the Amended Complaint Relevant to Redressability:

12. Consistent with the practice and philosophy of the NSA to horde [sic] everything obtained through surveillance, whether legal or illegal, the communications illegally and unconstitutionally subjected to surveillance, interception, and key-word spotting analysis are presently unlawfully stored by the NSA, subject to unlawful access at any time in the future. That illegal storage is consistent with the unlawful storage of massive metadata of telephone calls illegally obtained by the NSA, as recounted recently in American Civil Liberties Union v. Clapper, 785 F.3d 787 (2d Cir. 2015) (“The records sought ... are relevant, in the government’s view, because there might at some future point be a need or desire to search them in connection with a hypothetical future inquiry.”).

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44. Defendant NSA has participated or directly engaged in the storage of the communications illegally subject to surveillance as described herein in connection with the 2002 Salt Lake Winter Olympic Games and continues to store those communications, which may be accessed, reviewed, and utilized at any time in the future, and is thereby irreparably harming Plaintiffs.

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48. By the acts alleged herein, Defendant NSA’s conduct proximately caused, and continues to cause, significant harm to Plaintiffs, including ... continuing anxiety and immensely disturbing uncertainty about what information has been stored and how it will or might be used at any future time.14

ANALYSIS

The NSA moves under Rule 12(b)(1), Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, to dismiss Plaintiffs’ Amended Complaint on the basis that Plaintiffs fail to allege facts sufficient to establish Article III standing to pursue their claims. The NSA argues Plaintiffs have not plausibly alleged that their communications were subject to NSA surveillance and—even assuming Plaintiffs have alleged their communications were collected—they have failed to plausibly allege the NSA still retains them.15 Below, *1278the court first identifies the legal standards that govern its analysis, then takes up the NSA’s arguments in turn.

I. Legal Standards

Article III of the Constitution limits the judicial power of the United States to the resolution of “cases” or “controversies.”16 As the parties invoking the court’s jurisdiction, Plaintiffs have the burden of establishing their standing.17 To establish standing under Article Ill’s case or controversy requirement, Plaintiffs must “make three showings: first, that they have suffered an injury in fact which is concrete and particularized, and actual or imminent; second, that there is a causal connection between the injury and the challenged conduct; and third, that the injury is likely to be redressed by a favorable decision.”18

The Supreme Court has noted that its “standing inquiry has been especially rigorous when reaching the merits of the dispute would force [the Court] to decide whether an action taken by one of the other two branches of the Federal Government was unconstitutional.”19 And the Court observed that it has “often found a lack of standing in cases in which the Judiciary has been requested to review actions of the political branches in the fields of intelligence gathering and foreign affairs.”20

At the motion to dismiss stage, Plaintiffs must establish them standing and the court’s jurisdiction under the pleading standards found in Rule 8(a)(1), Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.21 Rule 8(a)(1) requires only that a complaint contain “a short and plain statement of the grounds for the court’s jurisdiction.” The Tenth Circuit instructs that “at the outset of a case it is enough to allege the facts ... establishing standing” and that “[gjeneral allegations suffice at the pleading stage.”22 If the allegations supporting standing are challenged, “then the facts have to be litigated.”23

*1279The NSA’s Rule 12(b)(1) Motion to Dismiss is a facial challenge focused exclusively on the sufficiency of the allegations in Plaintiffs’ Amended Complaint, without reference to declarations, affidavits, or other evidence.24 To survive such a motion, the Amended Complaint “must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.”25 The Supreme Court in Ashcroft v. Iqbal26 articulated a two-step analysis courts must apply when evaluating a motion to dismiss challenging the adequacy of a complaint.27 First, the court must “identify ] the allegations in the complaint that are not entitled to the assumption of truth.”28 And second, the court considers whether the remaining allegations, which the court assumes are true, “plausibly suggest an entitlement to relief.”29

The NSA’s argument focuses on the first Iqbal step, and requires the court to determine what kinds of allegations in pleadings are not entitled to an assumption of truth at the motion to dismiss stage. The court here turns to the Supreme Court for guidance.

The Supreme Court instructs that trial courts generally “must accept as true all the allegations contained in a complaint .... ”30 To benefit from the general assumption of truth, the allegations must be well-pleaded31 and amount to more than legal conclusions32 or “bare assertions”33 that are “‘a formulaic recitation of the elements’ of a ... claim.”34 When “well-pleaded factual allegations” are within these bounds, this court is told to “assume their veracity” and proceed to the next step of the Iqbal two-step analysis—“determining] whether they plausibly give rise to an entitlement to relief.”35 This is so even if it “strikes a savvy judge that actual proof of those facts is improbable”36 or the *1280allegations are “doubtful in fact.”37 Indeed, the Court has emphasized in finding untenable “bald” allegations that it was “not rejecting] these ... allegations on the ground that they are unrealistic or nonsensical.”38 It was their “conclusory nature ... rather than their extravagantly fanciful nature! ] that disentitle^] them to the presumption of truth.”39 Still, in a dissenting opinion in Iqbal, Justice Souter suggested the compellingly logical point that courts need not accept as true “allegations that are sufficiently fantastic to defy reality as we know it: claims about little green men, or the plaintiffs recent trip to Pluto, or experiences in time travel.”40

The court extracts a widely accepted governing principle from these binding Supreme Court pronouncements and Justice Souter’s persuasive, non-contradictory point. At the pre-discovery motion to dismiss stage, this court must assume the truth of well-pleaded factual allegations that are not simply legal conclusions or bare assertions of the elements of a claim—so long as the allegations do not “defy reality as we know it”—even if, in the court’s own judgment, those facts seem at the outset incredible, unbelievable, or highly unlikely to be true.

The NSA argues the case law compels a different approach. It maintains that trial courts are instead required under Iqbal to test plausibility twice when evaluating a motion to dismiss. As part of the first Iqbal step, the NSA submits trial judges must evaluate the plausibility of the facts alleged, and disregard those facts the court finds implausible. Then, after excluding those factual allegations, the court must separately evaluate the plausibility of the legal claims asserted in view of the surviving allegations. The NSA cites as support for this approach three decisions from the Tenth Circuit.41 This court reads these cases differently.

While there is some language in these cases from which one could infer that the Tenth Circuit is assessing the plausibility of the facts alleged,42 the standards the court sets forth43 and the analysis it emp*1281loys44 are consistent with this court’s interpretation articulated above. Importantly, when discussing the plausibility standard recently announced in Bell Atlantic Corporation v. Twombly45—before that standard was applied and developed in Iqbal—the Tenth Circuit clarified that “[t]his is not to say that the factual allegations must themselves be plausible; after all, they are assumed to be true. It is just to say that relief must follow from the facts alleged.”46

Having explained the standards it will apply, the court turns now to the NSA’s challenge. Because the NSA’s Motion to Dismiss attacks the sufficiency of Plaintiffs’ allegations supporting Article III standing, the court’s analysis below focuses on injury and redressability. First, the court analyzes whether the allegations in the Amended Complaint that establish injury are entitled to the assumption of truth. Next, the court analyzes whether the allegations in the Amended Complaint that establish redressability are entitled to the presumption of truth.

II. Plaintiffs’ Allegations of Injury are Entitled to the Assumption of Truth

To establish standing, Plaintiffs must show “they have suffered an injury in fact which is concrete and particularized, and actual or imminent.”47 Plaintiffs argue they were injured because the NSA illegally conducted warrantless surveillance of their communications. Plaintiffs’ assertion that the NSA collected their communications turns on their allegation that the NSA conducted blanket surveillance of every email, text message, and the metadata from every telephone call from every person in Salt Lake City and the surrounding Olympic venues during the 2002 Winter Olympic Games.

The NSA does not argue that warrant-less surveillance of Plaintiffs’ communications is an insufficient basis to establish injury for standing purposes. Rather, the NSA contends Plaintiffs’ allegation that “the Government intercepted their communications during the 2002 Winter Olympics” is “based on a bare assertion,” and “the Complaint contains no factual en*1282hancement to support” this assertion. For this reason, the NSA argues, “under the plausibility standard of pleading, [these allegations are] not entitled to a presumption of truth.”48 The court disagrees..

As discussed above, the first step of the Iqbal analysis requires the court to decide which allegations in the Amended Complaint are entitled to the generally-applicable assumption of truth. At this step, it is irrelevant whether the .allegations strike the court as simply unbelievable or unlikely to be supported. Instead, the court must consider whether the allegations are bare assertions of the elements of a claim, or in this instance, a bare assertion of injury in fact. The NSA seizes on the “bare assertion” and “conclusory” language from Iqbal to argue Plaintiffs must provide factual support for their allegations before they may be assumed true. But the NSA’s use of these terms divorces them from the context in which they were used by the Supreme Court. The Iqbal Court used these terms not when discussing support for factual allegations, but rather when specifically addressing bare recitation of the elements of a claim or conclusory statements of the same.49

In their Amended Complaint, Plaintiffs describe the “President’s Surveillance Program” and the illegal surveillance that occurred as part of this program:

Later, that surveillance evolved, in part, into blanket, indiscriminate, warrantless, unconstitutional and otherwise illegal surveillance of the contents of every email and text message, and the metada-ta of every telephone call (i.e., the times, lengths, and numbers involved in every telephone call), to and from every person engaging in those types of communications in Salt Lake City, Utah, and in the vicinity of every other Olympic venue, during the 2002 Salt Lake Winter Olympic Games.50

Plaintiffs allege this surveillance “was attempted and achieved during a period preceding the commencement of the 2002 Salt Lake Olympic Games and throughout the period of the games from at least February 8, 2002 (Opening Ceremony) through at least February 24th (Closing Ceremony).”51

Because these allegations are not legal conclusions and are more than a bare recitation of the requirements of standing, the court must assume the truth of these allegations .at the motion to dismiss stage. Plaintiffs allege when and where the surveillance occurred, and the type of communications that were subject to surveillance. Plaintiffs also unequivocally state that every communication was intercepted—including their own.

The Supreme Court’s analysis in Iqbal supports the conclusion that these allegations are entitled to the presumption of truth. The allegations the Supreme Court concluded were not entitled to the presumption of truth in Iqbal were more con-clusory and more closely tied to the legal elements of plaintiffs claims than those before the court here.

In Iqbal, the Court considered allegations in the plaintiffs complaint claiming certain federal official defendants deprived him of clearly-established constitutional *1283rights when they arrested and detained him following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. The Court first considered plaintiffs allegations supporting a claim for unconstitutional discrimination. In so doing, the Court laid out the elements of plaintiffs discrimination claim, which required him to show that defendants intended to discriminate against him based solely on account of his race, religion, or national origin; and that the harsh prison conditions that he was subject to served no legitimate penological interest. In his complaint, plaintiff alleged that defendants “ ‘knew of, condoned, and willfully and maliciously agreed to subject [him]’ to harsh conditions of confinement ‘as a matter of policy, solely on account of [his] religion, race and/or national origin and for no legitimate penological interest.’”52 The Court concluded these allegations were “bare assertions” that “amounted] to nothing more than a ‘formulaic recitation of the elements’ ” of plaintiffs constitutional claims.53 The Court, therefore, did not assume these allegations to be true.

But there were also allegations the Court concluded were entitled to the presumption of truth. For instance, the complaint included an allegation that “[t]he policy of holding post-September 11th detainees in highly restrictive conditions of confinement until they were ‘cleared’ by the FBI was approved by [defendants] in discussions in the weeks after September 11, 2001.”54 The Court accepted this allegation as true and went on to conclude that it did not plausibly establish plaintiffs claim for relief,55

Here, the court considers allegations more like the latter allegation in Iqbal than the former. While Plaintiffs’ allegations are extraordinary, they are neither legal conclusions nor bare recitations of the elements of standing. And the court cannot conclude that on their face they defy reality.

The NSA also argues the Supreme Court’s decision in Clapper v. Amnesty International56 should guide the court’s analysis. In that case, plaintiffs—attorneys and human rights, labor, legal, and media organizations—challenged the constitutionality of § 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (50 U.S.C. § 1881a).57 They sought declaratory and injunctive relief. The government filed a motion for summary judgment challenging plaintiffs’ standing. Plaintiffs responded that they could “establish injury in fact because there [was] an objectively reasonable likelihood that their communications [would] be acquired under § 1881a at some point in the future.”58 The Court rejected this argument, concluding plaintiffs had failed to show their threatened future injury was “certainly impending,” as required for Article III standing. The Court found plaintiffs’ “highly speculative fear” that the government had monitored their communications rested on a “highly attenuated chain of possibilities.”59

*1284Amnesty International does not control the court’s analysis in this case for at least two reasons. First, the Supreme Court in Amnesty International was not engaged in the same analysis this court now undertakes. In Amnesty International, the Court considered whether plaintiffs had set forth specific facts supporting their claim of standing sufficient to survive summary judgment.60 The Court was not engaged in an Iqbal step-one analysis at the motion to dismiss stage, asking whether the allegations in plaintiffs’ complaint should be assumed to be true. Indeed, it appears the Supreme Court accepted all of plaintiffs’ allegations as true but found those allegations, accepted as true, still did not establish plaintiffs’ standing to seek prospective relief.

Second, the allegations plaintiffs were making in Amnesty International are qualitatively different than those in this case. In Amnesty International, plaintiffs claimed there was an “objectively reasonable likelihood” that their future communications would be intercepted under § 1881a. Here, Plaintiffs do not speculate about future harm, but affirmatively state that their communications were, in fact, unlawfully intercepted.

While the NSA characterizes Plaintiffs’ allegations as more speculative than those in Amnesty International, Plaintiffs’ allegations are in fact much less speculative— Plaintiffs do not allege it is likely that communications will later be intercepted, but rather that they already were intercepted. What the NSA likely means is not that the Plaintiffs’ allegations here are more speculative, but that they are less believable or less credible—in essence, less plausible. As discussed above, this is not an argument that the court may entertain at the motion to dismiss stage.61 The court, therefore, accepts Plaintiffs’ allegations as true.

While the NSA has not argued that Plaintiffs’ allegations, if accepted as true, fail to show an injury in fact, this court is “required to consider ‘the issue sua sponte to ensure that there is an Article III case or controversy.’ ”62 At the motion to dismiss stage, the court concludes that because Plaintiffs’ allegation that their communications were intercepted must be accepted as true, Plaintiffs have plausibly alleged an injury that is concrete, particularized, and actual.63

*1285III. Plaintiffs’ Allegations Supporting Redressability are Entitled to the Assumption of Truth

Having concluded Plaintiffs pled sufficient facts to establish an actual injury, the court now considers whether they have pled enough to support their claim of redressability. Like injury in fact, redress-ability is one of the requirements of Article III standing. Here, Plaintiffs request in-junctive and declaratory relief. To have standing to pursue prospective injunctive relief, “a plaintiff must show a continuing injury.”64 “Past exposure to illegal conduct does not in itself show a present case or controversy regarding injunctive relief ... if unaccompanied by any continuing, present adverse effects.”65 It is not enough, therefore, for Plaintiffs to allege their communications were collected in 2002 in violation of their constitutional and statutory rights. To seek the injunctive relief they request, Plaintiffs must also sufficiently plead allegations which, if assumed to be true, plausibly show they suffer a continuing injury.

The NSA argues that Plaintiffs have not met this burden because they have “failed to plausibly allege that the NSA continues to retain [their communications], fourteen years later, for undefined purposes of future access.”66 In their Amended Complaint, Plaintiffs allege:

12. Consistent with the practice and philosophy of the NSA to horde [sic] everything obtained through surveillance, whether legal or illegal, the communications illegally and unconstitutionally subjected to surveillance, interception, and key-word spotting analysis are presently unlawfully stored by the NSA, subject to unlawful access at any time in the future. That illegal storage is consistent with the unlawful storage of massive metadata of telephone calls illegally obtained by the NSA, as recounted recently in American Civil Liberties Union v. Clapper, 785 F.3d 787 (2d Cir. 2015) (“The records sought ... are relevant, in the government’s view, because there might at some future point be a need or desire to search them in connection with a hypothetical future inquiry”).

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44. Defendant NSA has participated or directly engaged in the storage of the communications illegally subjected to surveillance as described herein in con*1286nection with the 2002 Salt Lake Winter Olympic Games and continues to store those communications, which may be accessed, reviewed, and utilized at any time in the future, and is thereby irreparably harming Plaintiffs.67

Like Plaintiffs’ allegation that the NSA collected every communication of every person in Salt Lake and the surrounding Olympic venues, Plaintiffs’ allegation that the NSA has stored a massive quantity of data, much of which is likely irrelevant, may stoike some as incredible. But, as discussed above, just because one may find Plaintiffs’ assertions unbelievable does not mean that the court does not assume them to be true when deciding a motion to dismiss. The court only sets aside allegations that are legal conclusions, bare assertions of the legal elements of a claim, or sufficiently fantastic to defy reality as we know it.

Here, as with the allegation of data collection, Plaintiffs have not merely recited the elements of standing but have affirmatively stated that the NSA is presently storing their communications. The court, therefore, accepts this allegation as true and concludes that, at the motion to dismiss stage, Plaintiffs have pled enough to show a continuing injury. As with the injury in fact element, the NSA has not argued that Plaintiffs’ allegations, if accepted as true, fail to show redressability. At this stage, the court concludes that because Plaintiffs’ allegation that the NSA continues to store their communications must be accepted as true, Plaintiffs have plausibly alleged a continuing injury capable of redress.68

CONCLUSION

The NSA essentially asks the court to pass on the plausibility of the allegations in the Amended Complaint' and reject them as too unlikely to be believed. But at this motion to dismiss stage, the court may not perform such an analysis. Because the allegations in the Plaintiffs’ Amended Complaint are not legal conclusions, bare assertions of the elements of standing, or sufficiently fantastic on their face as to defy reality, the law requires the court to accept them as true when evaluating the NSA’s Motion to Dismiss. Though these allegations will undoubtedly be tested as this case proceeds, the court concludes at this early stage that the Plaintiffs have in their Amended Complaint plausibly alleged injury and redressability as required for Article III standing, and they overcome the NSA’s challenge to jurisdiction. The NSA’s Motion to Dismiss is DENIED as to the non-monetary claims against the NSA.69

SO ORDERED this 10th day of January, 2017.