THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

DISTRICT OF UTAH

DAVID F., individually and on behalf of MEMORANDUM DECISION A.F.; and A.F., AND ORDER

Plaintiffs,

v. Case No. 2:25-cv-00609-JCB

CIGNA LIFE AND HEALTH Magistrate Judge Jared C. Bennett INSURANCE COMPANY; CIGNA BEHAVIORAL HEALTH; TROON GOLF, LLC.; and THE TROON GOLF FLEXIBLE BENEFIT PLAN,

Defendants.

Before the court is a motion to proceed anonymously filed by Plaintiffs David F., individually and on behalf of A.F., a minor, and A.F (“Plaintiffs”).1 For the reasons explained below, the court grants the motion. BACKGROUND This case concerns Defendants’ denial of health insurance benefits for A.F.’s care.2 Plaintiffs’ complaint provides a detailed account of the struggles A.F. went through as a minor, including multiple suicide attempts and hospitalizations for mental health episodes.3 Plaintiffs presented extensive evidence from A.F.’s medical records—including sensitive and personal

1 ECF No. 4. 2 See generally ECF No. 1. 3 See generally id. information about A.F.’s mental health history as a minor—in support of appeals asserting that A.F.’s care at New Vision Wilderness should have been covered by Defendants.4 LEGAL STANDARDS Under Fed. R. Civ. P. 10, “[t]he title of the complaint must name all the parties.”5 With respect to minors, however, Fed. R. Civ. P. 5.2 provides that they must be named by initials unless the court orders otherwise.6 No provision in the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure permits “suits by persons using fictitious names” or “anonymous plaintiffs.”7 However, “exceptional circumstances” may warrant “some form of anonymity in judicial proceedings.”8 Exceptional circumstances include those cases “involving matters of a highly sensitive and personal nature, real danger of physical harm, or where the injury litigated against would be incurred as a result of the disclosure of the plaintiff’s identity.”9 In deciding whether to preserve anonymity, the

court weighs any exceptional circumstances against the public’s interest in access to legal proceedings.10 Courts enjoy “discretion [in] allow[ing] a plaintiff to proceed using a pseudonym.”11 If a court grants permission for plaintiffs to proceed anonymously, “it is often

4 See generally id. 5 Fed. R. Civ. P. 10(a); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 17(a). 6 Fed. R. Civ. P. 5.2(a)(3). 7 Nat’l Commodity & Barter Ass’n, Nat’l Commodity Exch. v. Gibbs,

(10th Cir. 1989). 8 Femedeer v. Haun,

(10th Cir. 2000). 9

(quotations and citation omitted). 10

11 U.S. Dep’t of Just. v. Utah Dep’t of Com., No. 2:16-cv-00611-DN-DBP,

, at *1 (D. Utah Mar. 10, 2007) (citing Lindsey v. Dayton-Hudson Corp.,

(10th Cir. 1979)). with the requirement that the real names of the plaintiffs be disclosed to the defense and the court but kept under seal thereafter.”12 When no permission is granted, “the federal courts lack jurisdiction over the unnamed parties, as a case has not been commenced with respect to them.”13 ANALYSIS The court grants Plaintiffs’ motion to proceed anonymously because this case implicates “exceptional circumstances” the Tenth Circuit and Rule 5.2 recognize as warranting anonymity. Several reasons weigh in favor of protecting Plaintiffs’ identities in this case. The court takes each in turn. First, the medical records in this case refer to A.F.’s struggles before the age of 18. Rule

5.2(a)(3) requires litigants to protect the identity of a minor by using only the minor’s initials when filing pleadings. Accordingly, Plaintiffs filed the complaint in this case using A.F.’s initials to protect A.F.’s identity. Even if A.F. is no longer under the age of 18, courts recognize the appropriateness of preventing the names of children from being disclosed past the date they reach majority, particularly where they may be burdened in adulthood by their actions as minors.14 Although David F. was not a minor at any relevant time, disclosure of David F.’s full

12 W.N.J. v. Yocom,

(10th Cir. 2001). 13

(quotations and citation omitted). 14 See, e.g., N.E. v. Blue Cross Blue Shield of N.C., No. 1:21CV684,

, at *15 (M.D.N.C. Feb. 24, 2023) (providing, in another ERISA case concerning mental health care, that “although [the plaintiff] is no longer a minor, [he] was a minor when the facts underlying this case occurred, which also weighs in favor of protecting his identity and by extension, [his parent’s] identity”); Doe v. USD No. 237, No. 16-cv-2801-JWL-TJJ,

, *11 (D. Kan. Sept. 1, 2017) (concluding that “[t]he fact that Doe was a minor at all times material to the allegations of the complaint is at the forefront of the [c]ourt’s analysis” when considering whether Doe should be allowed to proceed anonymously). name would have the impact of revealing A.F.’s identity and thus would violate the spirit of Rule 5.2(a)(3) and the policies preventing disclosure of records relating to minors.15 Second, a substantial portion of the record in this case is comprised of A.F.’s protected health information and records relating to A.F.’s treatment. Even absent any discussion of A.F.’s age, those records are protected from public disclosure by HIPAA.16 Moreover, highly sensitive and personal medical issues experienced by A.F. constitute an “exceptional circumstance” that weighs against the disclosure of Plaintiffs’ identities. Finally, Plaintiffs’ identities are known to Defendants, as Defendants insured David F. and administered the coverage for the insurance plan. Consequently, allowing Plaintiffs to proceed anonymously does not prejudice Defendants.

In sum, the public interest in access to Plaintiffs’ identities appears relatively limited compared to the interest in protecting Plaintiffs’ identities and matters of a highly sensitive and personal nature. Therefore, the court concludes that Plaintiffs should be permitted to proceed anonymously.

15 See, e.g., S.E.S. v. Galena Unified Sch. Dist. No. 499, No. 18-2042-DDC-GEB,

, at *2 (D. Kan. July 12, 2018) (concluding that although adult parents do not enjoy a heightened privacy interest themselves, a child “and his parents share common privacy interests based on their inseparable relationship to one another” and that “[o]rdering disclosure of the parent[s’] identities” would effectively reveal the child’s identity and “place—in effect— personally identifiable and confidential information about the . . . minor in the public record”). 16 42 U.S.C. § 1320d et seq. ORDER For the reasons stated above, the court HEREBY ORDERS: 1. Plaintiffs’ motion to proceed anonymously!’ is GRANTED. 2. On or before August 20, 2025, Plaintiffs shall file under seal with the court a document containing David F.’s full name and A.F.’s full name. That filing shall remain under seal unless the court orders otherwise. !* IT IS SO ORDERED. DATED this 6th day of August 2025. BY THE COURT:

JARED C. BENNETT United States Magistrate Judge

17 ECF No. 4. 18 WN.J.,

(Ifa court grants permission [to proceed anonymously], it is often with the requirement that the real names of the plaintiffs be disclosed to the defense and the court but kept under seal thereafter.”).