The defendant was convicted of unlawful cohabitation, in the first district court, under section 3, 22 St. 31, known as the “ Edmunds Law,” and appeals to this court. The record contains an agreed statement of facts from which it appears that the defendant married Sarah Clark over thirty years ago; that she thereby became and still is his lawful wife; that in 1852 he married another woman, named Hannah Clark, and that in September, 1868, he married a third woman, named Francis Clark; that defendant has not lived with the second wife, Hannah, for some years past, but that during the time covered by the indictment he has lived and cohabited with the third wife, Francis Clark; that all of said women have resided at Provo, in the first judicial district, during all the time since their marriages, respectively, and still reside there; that they live in separate houses, the first wife, Sarah, living in one house, together with children of herself and defendant. Sarah, the lawful wife, has sworn and testified that the defendant abandoned and deserted her without her consent, about three years ago, and before the time ■covered by the indictment, and. had not lived with her since, and had only called at her house once or twice within the time covered by the indictment. The court charged the jury among other things, as follows: “The facts seem •to show that about thirty-nine years ago this defendant *123married a woman in tbe Territory o£ Utab by tire name of Sarah Clark; that about 1852 or 1853 be married another woman by tbe name of Hannah Clark; that about the twenty-sixth of September, 1868, he married a third, a woman by the name of Francis Clark; that he has not lived with Hannah for some years past, — may be eight or ten years. It is here insisted by counsel for the defense that he has not lived or cohabited for the last three years with the lawful wife, Sarah, but that he has abandoned her as his wife. It appears, further, from the proof, that within the time covered by this indictment he has lived and cohabited with the third wife, Frances Clark. Now, upon this statement of facts, if you find them to be the facts and true, the Court charges you the law in so many words to be this: that, if he lived and cohabited with Sarah Clark, and at the same time lived and cohabited with Francis Clark as his wife, he would be guilty. If he lived and cohabited with Francis as his wife, and visited Sarah, the law presumes, and will not allow him to say on the trial, that these visits were not as a husband, and would be sufficient to establish cohabitation with the legal wife, Sarah. And, gentlemen of the jury, the Court is of opinion, and I also instruct you, that if the proof shall show that, in 1850, thirty-nine years ago, he married Sarah and that she from that time up to now was and is his lawful, living wife, and undivorced, and that, in that condition of things, lived and cohabited with a plural wife, Francis Clark, that he would be guilty. The Court is of opinion, and so charges you, that a man should have but one wife, and that should be his lawful wife, and that he should live and cohabit with her, and that it would be an evasion of the law to say that I have abandoned my lawful wife, and therefore I am not guilty, because I am cohabiting with one woman. The Court believes congress did not intend any such thing in the passage of the law, and instructs you that if the lawful wife, Sarah, was still living and undi-vorced, and in that condition he goes and lives and cohabits with Francis, he must be guilty, and the law will not allow him to say that he has abandoned his lawful wife, and cohabits with but one woman.”

*124This instruction is alleged to be erroneous. This record presents the single question, as to whethef a polygamist whose wives, both the lawful and the plural, are living within the jurisdiction of the court, both bearing his name and known as his wives, is guilty of violating the act of congress above referred to when he lives exclusively with the plural wife, and deserts the lawful one. It is contended by the defendant that the statute only prohibits a man from cohabiting with more than one woman; that, being a penal statute, it should be strictly construed; and that, therefore, actual cohabitation must be shown both with the plural and legal wives. On the part of the government it is contended that, when' it is shown that one of' the women whom he is charged to have cohabited with is his legal wife; that she is living within the jurisdiction of the court, bearing his name, and known as his wife, —that he is conclusively presumed to cohabit with her, within the meaning of the statute; that the statute does not make it necessary and that it was not intended by it to tolerate the inquiry as to whether the party charged actually cohabited with his legal wife. This statute has been several times before the court for construction, but the precise question here presented has never been determined. In the case of U. S. v. Cannon, 116 U. S. 55, 6 Sup. Ct. Rep. 286, the defendant was charged with unlawful cohabitation with two women, both of whom were plural wives, and of course it was necessary to show actual cohabitation, within the meaning of the statute, with both. The defendant contended that cohabitation, within the meaning of the statute, meant sexual intercourse; and the Court, referring to this claim on the part of the defendant, and construing the statute, said: “ But we are of opinion that this is not the proper interpretation of the statute, and that the Court properly charged the jury that the defendant was to be found guilty if he lived in the same house with the two women, and ate at their respective tables, one-third of his time, or thereabouts, and held them out to the world by his language or conduct, or both, as his wives; and that it was not necessary it should be shown that he and the two women, or either of them, occupied the same bed, or slept *125in the same room, or that be had sexual intercourse with •either of them. This interpretation, is deducible from the language of the statute throughout. It refers wholly to the relations between men and women founded •on the existence of actual marriages. * * * It is the practice of unlawful cohabitation with more than one woman that is aimed at, — a cohabitation classed with polygamy, and having its outward semblance. It is not, on the one hand, meretricious, unmarital intercourse with more than one woman. General legislation as to lewd practices is left-to the territorial government. Nor, on the •other hand, does the statute pry into the intimacies of the marriage relation, but it seeks, not only to punish bigamy •and polygamy when, direct proof of the existence of those relations can be made, but to prevent a man from flaunting in the face of the world the ostentation and opportunities of a bigamous household, with all the outward appearances of the continuance of the same relations which existed before the act was passed, and without reference to what may occur in the privacy of those relations. Compacts for sexual non-intercourse, easily made and as easily broken, when the prior marriage relations continue to exist, with the occupation of the same house and table, and the keeping up of the same family unity, is not a lawful substitute for the monogamous family, which alone the statute tolerates.”

In various cases in this court, it has been held that cohabitation with the legal wife is presumed, but that such presumption is one of fact, and can be rebutted, and is to be given such weight, and only such weight, as the jury think it ought to have under the circumstances of the particular case. U. S. v. Snow, 4 Utah, 295, 9 Pac. Rep. 501; Id. 686: U. S. v. Smith, 5 Utah, 273, 14 Pac. Rep. 292; U. S. v. Harris, 5 Utah, 476, 17 Pac. Rep. 75. These cases have been followed by the district courts, and this presumption, together with the presumption of innocence, have been submitted to the jury, for them to find a verdict as they should give more or less weight to these contending and conflicting presumptions It will readily be seen that the rule contended for by the *126defendant in this case would permit a polygamist, upon tbe discontinuance of tbe practice of polygamy, wbicb tbis statute is intended to enforce, to select tbe plural wife, and discard tbe lawful one, — thereby placing tbe two on terms of absolute equality, and to that extent giving the same force and effect to their respective marriages, and leaves tbe first wife to struggle on equal terms with tbe plural for tbe possession of her husband,— a contest in wbicb she has already lost. If,,as tbe supreme court of tbe United States have said (U. S. v. Cannon, supra,) tbe statute under which tbis prosecution is brought is .to be construed with reference to tbe balance of the act and other legislation upon tbe same subject, and that in a contest between monogamous and polygamous practices it is to be construed as tbe intervention of tbe government in favor of the former, we would naturally seek a construction consistent with tbis idea, and one that would furnish some protection to the monogamous home, which alone tbe statute tolerates, and one wbicb would not defeat tbe object wbicb congress bad in view in passing tbis statute. Suppose tbe defendant in tbis case should desire to return to bis wife and home, and be should do so, and tbe next, day, at tbe instance of tbe plural wife, he should be arrested for tbe violation of tbis statute. He could not escape conviction. According to tbe contention of tbe defendant, be would be guiltless if be remained with the plural wife, and tbe essential element of tbe crime would be found in tbe fact that be bad returned to bis lawful wife, — just what tbe courts have been bolding it was bis duty to do, and that there is a presumption to that effect, because it is bis duty. But it is contended that tbe statute of 1887, providing a punishment for tbe crime of adultery, is a legislative construction in favor of tbe defendant’s claim, and was intended to apply to those who leave their lawful wives and cohabit with a plural wife. But “ cohabitation,” within tbe meaning of tbe statute, is not necessarily sexual intercourse, as already shown; and a man may cohabit with a plural wife, and still not be liable to punishment under tbe law of 1887. Tbis latter statute, providing a punishment for tbe crime of adultery, was en*127acted because tlie milder measures of 1862 and 1882 had proved ineffectual to stop the practice of begetting illegitimate children, and was intended as a still further protection to the monogamous home and lawful marital rights.

Counsel contended that, if congress had intended to have the act construed as contended by counsel for the government, it might have said: “Whoever, having a lawful wife alive, cohabits with another woman, or whoever cohabits with a woman other than his lawful wife, while she is living.” True, it might have done so, but that would not have accomplished what was intended. It might happen, as in the Cannon Case, supra, that both of the women with whom defendant is charged to have cohabited are plural and illegal wives. In that case, actual cohabitation in fact must be shown, but, if one is the lawful and the other an unlawful wife, then the essential element of guilt is the latter. Congress was aiming at the plural marriage relation, and, as said in the Cannon Case, “ it refers wholly to the relations between men and women founded on the existence of actual marriages, or on the holding out of their existence.” In this case Sarah Clark is the lawful wife of the defendant. He is the legal head of the family, composed of his wife and their children. Could this status be added to or made more binding by proof that he had been with them occasionally? Or could the defendant detract from it by showing that he had violated his duty, and deserted them? We think not. When the defendant left his wife and their children, — bearing his name, known as such, — and lived with Francis, as his wife, he became the head of two families, — “a household and a family twice repeated.” The law fixes and declares his status as to the one, and his own act has fixed it as to the other. We think that when a polygamist has a lawful wife living within the jurisdiction of the court, known and understood to be such,, and lives and cohabits with another woman as his wife, he is guilty of a violation of the statute; that the presumption that he cohabits with the legal wife is a legal one, and is conclusive, if it is a presumption at all.' His status in relation to each of the two women, in our opinion, is such that, as a matter of law, he cohabits with them within 'the *128meaning of tbe statute. Tbe judgment of tbe court below should be affirmed.