Wilkins v. Taylor

IN this cause,* upon the testament of Thomas Williamson bearing date in june, 1787, whereof the words are:

‘ I give to my said daughter (A) the interest of four thousand * pounds in the government funds, during her life ; and, at her ! death, i give the interest of the above money, one fourth to ‘each of my grandchildren Sarah Cocke, Elizabeth Clements, ‘ Francis Clements, and John Clements ; and, at their decease, \‘ the principal and interest to be disposed uy them to their ‘ heirs, in such proportions as they, by their wills, respectively, ‘ may direct: ahd in case of the death of my grandaughter ‘ Sarah Cocke, without issue, i give her part to my gran-£daughter Elizabeth Clements.’

the question debated by counsil was, whether the plaintiffs intestate Sarah, to whom Elizabeth Clements the daughter had released her right to the interest of one thousand, part of the four thousand pounds, mentioned in the bequest, (B) was entitled to the said one thousand pounds, principal money ? and the court, premising, that the release by the daughter who con*339fessedly was entitled to interest only during her life to the former husband of the intestate and herself, is unimportant to this disquisition, stated these positions:

The first position ; Thomas Williamson did intend his grandchildren NOT to have the PROPERTY of the money ; because,

first, the subject of the explicite gift to them, which is the only gift to them, exeept the gift of a power to direct to what proportions the heirs should succede, the energy whereof will in the sequel be defined, was interest only, the terms being ‘ i give the INTEREST, of the above money, one fourth to each of my grandchildren

secondly, the property of the money is in terms devoted to the HEIRS of the grandchildren, in such proportions however as these, by their wills, respectively, may direct;

thirdly, the part of Sarah, that is, the part, whereof the interest was given to her, the testator, in case of her death, without issue, gave to his grandaughter Elizabeth Clements,

The second position: the term, ‘heirs,’ which, in a devise or conveyance of land, is said to be a word of (C) limitation of estate, that is, to declare the quantity of estate in the land to be taken by the devisee or purchaser, although it may be sometimes, as in case of contingent remainders, a word of purchase, that is may designate the persons who shall take the land, can, in a bequest of chatels, be understood only to indicate the takers, and, in this case, indicates them, namely, those whom the law hath appointed to succede to the heritable rights of one who died intestate, by characters infallible, insomuch, that, by a bequest to the heirs of A, the parties intitled may be demonstrated with no less certainty than if they had been described by the appellations children, parents, brothers and sisters, &c, successively of A ; and, by the term, ‘heirs,’ in the bequest where the testator named the grandaughter Sarah and refered to her particularly, he intended children, which confined sense, as to her, is indubitably proved by the gift, in the event of her death without issue, that is, children then living, to another grandaughter.

The third position : words in a testament ought not to be rejected, or be rendered ineffectual, if they be significant, and may be interpreted in a sense which is not contrary to law. (1>)

The fourth position: the sense of the terms, ‘ at their de- ‘ cease,’ that is, at the decease of the grandchildren, ‘ the prin- ‘ cipal money and interest to be disposed by them to their heirs,1 unconnected with the preceding member Of the paragraph, is *340defective, because among those terms is not any verb which governeth, in the language of grammarians, or aetefch upon, the words principal and interest; but the words, ‘ i give,’ occurring before, are understood, in like manner as if they had been repeated after the word ‘ decease,’ and thus supply the seeming chasm in the sense; consistently with the intention of the testator, as will appear hereafter.

The fifth position: that by the term, ‘disposed,’ is not understood, ‘ given,’ implying a power in the grandchildren to dis-pone the principal money to whom, as well as in what proportions, they pleased ; because that would contradict the testators declared will, that the grandchildren should not have the property of the principal money, but is to be understood ‘ distri- ‘ buted impowering them, not to give the money, orto designate the donees but, to adjust the portions thereof which the donees, designated by the testator, should take.

One proper sense of the word ‘ disposed’ is distributed simply, as appeareth by these examples of writers in the language from which the word hath been adopted into our language :

Pompeius ex 'urbe- profectus iter ad legiones habebat quas a Caesare acceptas in Apulia hibernorum causa, DISP 0-STJEEAT. Caesar,’ V c’ V I. Pompey went from the city to the legions, which received from Caesar, he had DISPOSED, that is, DISTRIBUTED, in winter quarters in Apulia.

Scipio retention secura Laelium, durn captivos obsidesque et praedam ex consilio ejus DISPOÑERET, satis, dec. Bomam-mittit. Livii, V 26. Scipio, having retained with him Laelius, until, by his advice, he should DISPOSE, that is, DISTRIBUTE, the prisoners, hostages, and plunder, after dispar ching these affairs, sends him to Rome.

DISPONERE diem is used by Tacitus, Suetonius, and others, to signify division of the day into portions for particular occupations devoted to each.

Opus et requiem pariter DISPONIMUS ambo. Persii, sat’ 5. we both DISPOSE, that ia, DISTRIBUTE, the same hours to labour and rest.

The sixth position : the meaning of the whole bequest is exhibited truly by this paraphrase, variant from the text only by supplement of the ellipsis and insertion of the synonyma embraced by crotchets : ‘ i give tbe interest of the above money, ‘ one fourth to each of my grandchildren Sarah Cocke, Eliza- ‘ beth Clements, Francis Clements and John Clements, and, at ‘ their decease, [i give] the principal and interest, to be DIS- ‘ POSED [that is, DISTRIBUTED] to their heirs, in such *3411 proportions as they, by their wills, respectively, may direct.’

Scholium: the comparison of adjudged cases, quoted by couasil for the plaintiff, to prove that a power to dispone a thing involveth a right to the thing, with the principal case, is altogether inept; for,

first, in the cases quoted, he, who had the disponing power, was, in explicit terms, devisee of the land or legatary of some other subject for a time ; in this case, the principal money was not, in explicit terms, bequeathed to the grandchildren, nor, if bequeathed to them at all, bequeathed otherwise than by implication from the words, ‘ at their decease the principal money ‘ and interest to he disposed by them and the question is, whether the power of the grandchildren to dispone the money, which was not bequeathed to them, but of which the interest only was bequeathed to them, implicated a right in the grandchildren to the money itself and authorized arrogation of it to themselves ? so that the argument from those quotations, proving, that a devise or bequest of a thing to one for a time; with a power to dispone it afterwards, transfereth to him the property, compared with the principal case, where the proposition to be proved is, that a power in the grandchildren, to whom the interest, the use of money, for a time was bequeathed, to dis-pone that money afterwards to their heirs, involved a right to the money, is a petilio principii, the sophism to which a candid reasoner disdains to resort :

secondly, in the cases quoted, the power to dispone was general : in the principal case, the disposition, which the grandchildren had power to make was special, ‘ to their heirs,’ that is those whom the law appointed to suecede to the inheritable property of the grandchildren ; so that tíre argument from the cases quoted, proving that one, who hath power to dispone a thing to whom he will, must, by implication, have a property in the thing, applied to the principal ease, to prove that he who hath power todisponea thing to persons particularly designated, must, by implication, have property in the thing, and consequently may dispone it to whom he will, is a mistake of the question: nor is the case between (E) Shermer and Richaid-son, on which the counsil for the plaintiff relied, an exception to what is here stated ; for the devisee there had power, not to dispone to their heirs only, but, to make whom she thought proper her heirs, which was equivalent to general power to dis-pone :

thirdly, in the cases quoted, the property was adjudged to be in him who had power to dispone, in order that the will ofthe testator might be fulfilled ; in the principal case, adjudication of *342the property to be in the grandchildren, who had power to dis-pone, would, instead of fulfilling, defeat the will of the testator.

The seventh position : the heirs of every grandchild, by which heirs, in the case of the plaintiffs wife, the testator undoubtedly meaned children, will take, if his or her will direct, not what proportions they shall have, one fourth part, in equal portions; because when a subject is given to several, to be distributed among them discriminately or otherwise,at the election of him who is appointed to perform that office,

first, the refusal or neglect of the distributor cannot injure the donees ; for he is a minister only, not an owner:

secondly, if he do not exercise the power, the praesumtion is, he declined it, because he did not choose to distribute unequal}7, in which case his function was unnecessary ; for distribution among associates ought uaturaly to be equal, if the contrary do not appear :

thirdly, if the heir be single the distributor cannot act at all: fourthly, all the donees, who were entitled to the whole subject of distribution, may, by mutual agreement, control the distributor, disaffirming and frustrating any partition equal or unequal by him, and therefore may prevent it.

The eighth position : the bequest of the principal money to the heirs of the grandchildren, or in other words, to those whom the law appointeth to succede to their inheritable property, was not contrary to law.

If the testator, for the phrasitt, ‘heirs,’ (F) had substituted its periphrasis, this part of the bequest would have been read thus : ‘at their, my grandchildrens, decease, [i give] the princi- ‘ pal and interest to [those who will inherit their lands] in such ‘ proportions as they, [except my grandaughter Sarah,J by their ‘ wills, may direct, and, in case of the death of my gran- ‘ daughter Sarah Cocke, without issue, [without lineal succes- ‘ sors] i give her part to my grandaughter Elizabeth Clements, ‘ [singly not in a communion with her brethren.’]

That such was the will of the testator is believed to be manifest, and that it was not contrary to any principal of law is likewise believed, because the events, upon which the bequest would become efficacious, must happen within the times during which rights by such a bequest may be in suspense : for the heirs, if any exist at all, will exist, of the grandaughters immediately, and of the grandsons at the end of about nine months at farthest, after their deaths.

If these positions be true, as they are thought by the court to be, the consequence unavoidable is a negative decision of the question, in the principal case before propounded ; and that the *343plaintiffs wife Sarah could have disponed one fourth part of the money to her children, or their descendente only, and her sister, when she was living, could have disponed, and her brothers can dispone, the other three parts to their children, or to their descendente, and; in default of them, to their heir in the ascending line, or to their collateral heirs ; but to none other.— and hence the carollary must be,

the decree reviewed is affirmed.

NOTES.

(A) She was Elizabeth Clements.

(B) The plaintiff succedeth to her, if she were intitled, and is not accountable to her kindred.

(C) By a conveyance or a devise of land to Timothy, and to his heirs, the purchaser or devisee took an estate most ample, so that it was UNLIMITED, whereas if the word, ‘ heirs’ had

gb been omitted, and terms aequivalent had not been sub- ‘ stituted, referring to some former act of conveyance, in one instance,or signifying the testatorswill,intheother instance, an estate LIMITED was taken ; yet, ‘heirs,’ in law vocabularies, is a word of LIMITATION, this must, be an avxup^aatz. ‘heirs,’ is a word of LIMITATION, because it, or the aequiva-lent with it, was necessary to transfer an estate UNLIMITED. 4 heirs of the BODY,’ indeed are strictly words of limitation.

(D) By the decree oY the county court, reversed by the high court of chancery, and now proposed to be restored, that the decree of the latter may consist with a decree of the supreme court in another cause, the words iu Thomas Williamsons testament, ‘and in case of the death of my grandaughter Sarah 1 Cocke, without issue, i give her part to my grandaughter ‘ Elizabeth Clements,’ were entirely rejected, significance of ‘ those words, ‘in case of the death of my grandaughter ÍSarah ‘Cocke, without issue,’ in this sense: - ‘ the contingent gift to ‘Elizabeth of Sarahs part shall be effectual, when a failure of ‘the latters progeny shall happen, either at the time of her ‘ death, .or at a more distant period,’ is undeniable, tfee words can have no third meaning.

About the end of last century, english judges would have understood that event to have been within the scope of the testators contemplation, by which he would have been thwarted, and she who was the object of his beneficence, would have been disappointed, in a fond or a servile compliance with what those judges called a rule of law, that is, a rule of interpretation commented by themselves, or coming to them by tradition from *344their predecessors, and in contradiction to the tes- w r (i, e, tators words, uninfluenced ‘ by the RESPECT* WasMng- ‘ which all men have agreed to pay to the WILL tons report < of the dead.’ B / 1 vo1} 102‘ w r Succeding judges, ‘ in the progress of their strug-104. ‘ gle for the intention against a rigid unjust rule,’ would, as until lately was believed, have understood the other event to have been contemplated, according to the plane meaning of the words ; whereby the wish of a grandfather, and the hope of her whom he most favoured of his offspring, might have been gratified, without violating any principle of law truly so called, or contravening, except peradventure in one instance, any cases adjudged, tobe found in the term reports, transatlantic or cisatlantic, or other modern publications, of responso, prudentum. w t (E) ‘ I am free to own, that, where a testators in-2Í3 ‘ tention is apparent to ME,cases must be STRONG-, 300 ‘ UNIFORM, and apply POINTEDLY,before they ‘ will PREVALE to frustrate that intention by the president of the court of appeals : of which the converse is : ‘ I am free to own, that, where a testators intention is apparent to ME, cases, which ‘are STRONG, UNIFORM, and apply POINTEDLY, WILL ‘ PREVALE to FRUSTRATE that intention.’

Observations and questions:

1 This, although delivered in the first person, ‘i’ and ‘me/ is supposed to have been the sentiment, unanimous sentiment, of the conclave ; because the report, corrected ‘from the

1 notes of him’ who was praeses, doth not show w r that any were dissentient; because it is ‘declared to VV r. be the opinion of the court,’ that is, for any thing hin- 3®.^-ted to the contrary, the whole court; and because it seems then to have been settled, and to have become a rule of property.

2 Strength of a case, distinct from its uni- Strength of the formitv..and pointed application, is believed to authority, said i , , . • -Holt somewhere, be its ratiocination, cogent or assent to proposi- ¡s tjle reaso j tions intended to be verified. of the resolution.

3 By uniformity in the cases is understood,-either a harmony of them with one another, or a symmorphosis, a likeness in form, in meaning, with that to which they were compared.— which ever be the sense, aptly may be here remembered these words of the president, delivering the opinion of himself and* his assessors, in the case between Shermer and Shermers exe-Wr 271. cutor : ‘several cases have been cited, but they seem *345‘ to verify the saying of a judge : “ that, in disputes upon wills, “cases seldom illucidate* the subject, which, depend- *Soitis “ing on the intention of the testator, to be collected written. “ from the will, and from the relative situation of the parties, “ ought to be decided upon the state and circumstances of each “case,” to which i will add: that i have generaly observed, ‘that adjudged cases have more frequently been produced to ‘disappoint, than to illustrate, the intention.’

Now : in the dispute between Godwin and his wife, plaintiffs, and these defendents, when the court of appeals, upon this will of Thomas Williamson, determined, that his grandchildren, were entitled to the money, which by the bequest before recited they were empowered to dispone to their heirs, determined so upon authority of the cases cited, and principaly, as hath been said, upon authority of the case between Shermer and Shermers executor :

was not ‘the intention APPARENT TO’ the sage president, and to every other member, that tire grandchildren SHOULD NOT, but that their heirs, in some proportions of other, SHOULD, have the principal money? whether that intention was illegal, is not novutbe question :

were the cases cited, in panoply complete, with all their armature, so STRONG, whatever or wherever their vigor was, and the harmony of them with one another, or the symmorpho-sis, likeness in form, in -meaning of them with the principal case, such, that they PREVALED to FRUSTRATE‘that intention ? do the six first paragraphs, that is all but one, of the courts opinion in the case upon Shermers will, apply to the ease upon Williamsons will? if the strength of Shermers ease applied to the other, be in that part where some insects are armed with stings, and if it be potent there, doth it not oppugn ineluctably the reversal which it was adduced to authorize?

did the cases cited ‘ illucidate,’ elucidate, or dilucídate ‘ the ‘subject’ of disquisition, and assist the judges to dis- Wr coyer the POLAR STAR, which directed them in the 102. ‘construction of the will, and guided the decision,’ so that it shone more brightly than it shone before ? men use the darkened lens of a telescope, when they contemplate the suns disc, or tliefaculae, or maculae,or otherphaeuomena,on the faceof that luminary, that they may not be dazzled or blinded by the splendor of its rays, but use every optic aid, that the medium, through which opake bodies are viewed, may be pellucid as possible, some judges, when they propose to discover a testamentary polar star, condense, by confusing with a mist called authorities, the medium through which the object is confessedly to be dis*346cerned, obscure its atmosphere with a soot called technical words, and-leave certain people doubting whether the star, which the testators words indicated, defining it with such accuracy that an un-law-learned man, who would credit the information of his senses and hearken to the suggestion of an un-perverted understanding, would swear it could not be mistaken, was or was not the star, which should ‘ direct the Wr 103. ‘judges in the construction of the testators will;’—doubting, because law-illumined astronomers had, by the zv/y^ ‘ef)¡irysuzixy¡, skill in the art of interpretation, discovered, and had, by an. irreversible and therefore infallible judicial sentence, declared, that the star, upon which ordinary observers were gazing, was as different and as distant from the star, ‘ which is to guide w r 102. ‘ the judges decision ’ as Mercury from Hersehel. in truth, law-interpreters have deprived the STAR, intention, of W r. 271. POLARITY, rendering it planetic, erratic, so that they seem to verify (be saying of a judge ‘a will may be any ‘ thing, every thing, no thing.’

Did the case upon Shermers will,

giving the profits of his whole estate to his wife for her life ; impowering her to make whom she pleased her heir or heirs of one half;

giving that half, not to her heir, but to whom she should think proper to make her heir or heirs ; in effect, giving to her immediately dominion, full dominion, of the half, so that she might have disponed it, to whom she pleased, when she pleased, for a disposition at any time would have been effectual, and how she pleased ;—did this case apply POINTEDLY to the case upon Williamsons will,

giving, not the money, but, the interest of the money, to his grandchildren ;

not empowering them to make whom they pleased their heirs; giving the money, not to those whom the grandchildren should think proper to make their heirs, but, to those who by law would be made heirs of the grandchildren, refering ap-portionments of shares among the heirs to discretion of their respective ancestors ; and is not the case upon Shermers will, if it apply to the case upon Williamsons will, in any point, in point-bhmc opposition to it?

do not these words of the venerable president ‘he, John Sher-W r 272 ‘ mer, does not give her, his wife, a power to dispose, 4 but to name the person or persons she might ohuse to succede ‘ to her part, TO WHOM the testator GIVES the money,’ and the reversal of the decree, in Godwins case, upon Williamsons will, if this were founded on that, strike an ear, not the most *347acute, with a dca^uouca, a dissonance in the cases ; did ho, Thomas Williamson, give to his grandchildren a power to name the persons who should succede to the money ; on the contrary, are not those successors, or rather proprietors of the principal money, named by himself; and did he give the money to those whom the grandchildren should chuse to succede ; on the contrary, did he not give the money to those whom he chose to succede ?

II the opinion in Ayletts case be, as it is there called, w r 302 a ‘ PRINCIPLE,’ so * SETTLED that it had become a RULE ‘ of PROPERTY-,’ is not the converse of the opinion a ‘ PRÍN- ‘ ÍMPLE* too, and must it not ‘ become a RULE of PROPERTY ,’ as well as its antitype.

If judges can form rules for interpreting wills of ‘ testators Wr'99 ‘IGNORANT of the technical sense affixed to words 100 ‘ by professional men’—testators, unassisted by those professional men, ‘ often when their wills are made in ex- ‘ tremíty reduced to the necessity of resorting to any per‘son, however unskilfull, who may be at hand’——if the judges can convert these rules into ‘PRINCIPLES, SET- * TLED RULES of PROPERTY,’ can declare, that against them, where the adjudged cases approving them are said to be STRONG, although not a single reason, as in the case of Rose and Bartlett, and other cases, is pretended in justification of them, to be UNIFORM and to apply POINTEDLY*, terms not defined, nor perhaps defineable, intentions of testators, APPARENT intentions, WILL NOT PREVALE— may not judges 1 mould testators wills into any forms, which W r 99 ‘ whim, faucy, or worse passions, may suggest?’

When the testator is admitted to have intended one thing, is not to adjudge him to have intended another thing, and that this shall PREVALE against that, the same as to adjudge that what IS his will IS NOT his will, and sufficient, when this is named interpretation, to justify a prosopopoeia of common sense hooting such jargon ?

Further observations upon rules formed by judges, for interpretation of testaments, that is, for explanation of words in them, so that they may be understood by those who did not understand them before:

Judges, probably, if they had not been perplexed by rules juridicaly praescribed by themselves or their praedecessors, would have expounded a testators words,unless they were terms of art,in the sense whiehother men,aswell acquainted as their-selves with the language, attributed to them*,resorting to those *348sources of invention, which circumstances, too may fdr enumeration, too various for specification, suggest for investigating his intention :

_ —would have expounded his words, if they were terms of art, simple and unaeqnivocal, in the sense attributed to them by skilfull professors of the art ;

—would have expounded his words, if they were terms of art, but aeqtfivocal, so as to be intelligible, in a demotic, popular, or in a technic, artificial sense,—in one of which the testament would have been valid, in the other void—would have expounded his words in the former sense, and rejected the latter ; preferíng that to this, ut res magia valeat,by the benignity, quampereat, by the malignity, of the law—the law, which fa-vours the praesumtion, that the testator intended what he could do, rather than that he intended what he could not do. W r 99 When judges, who ‘ disclame all legislative power to ‘ change the law,’ pronounce, that a will shall not be performed, because the testator had not declared his meaning in language, which was prescribed by rules of interpretation, rules of construction, as they sometimes are called—(truly called so, for properly construction is building, taken for exposition by a me-tonorny, and wills are often, according to rules of construction, built, not interpreted, by english judges)—although his meaning was declared in language which could not he misunderstood—rules, of which he had never heard—rules, which although attempted to be dignified by their makers classing them with rules of law, are defective in a quality essential in the constitution of laws, having never been so promulged that they can be known by those who are not professionalists—-do not judges, forming these rules, and adhaeringto them so that cases where they have been recognized ‘ will prevale against APPARENT intentions’ of testators, assume authority to fabricate types ‘ for moulding testators wills?’ do they thus ‘ re- Wr 99 ‘ gard the testators own words, and compare them with his circumstances, and the relative situation of the devisees?’ do they not oppose their rules of construction to the law, making *349the commandment of it, THAT THE WILL OF THE TESTATOR ORDAINING WHAT IS LAWFULL SHALL BE PERFORMED, of none effect by their traditionary interpretations? if this be not, ‘what is, assumption of a legislative power’—power ‘to change the the law,’ to abolish the law? ought such rules of' interpretation, if it must be called interpretation, to‘become RULES of PROPERTY?’ if english judges change some of their rules, as frequently they have done, will their apes, dictu nefas, be found among judges—in the latitude—of Virginia!

One would suppose, rules for interpretation of testaments should tend to illustrate intention, should be consistent with themselves, be simple.

vv r But, as we are taught, ‘adjudged cases,’in which we 212 find these rules, ‘have more frequently been produced to ‘ disappoint than to illustrate the intention.’

w r Instead of consistency, ‘ apparent clashing of the cases 102 ‘relied upon,’ in some instances, where these rules have been applied, is confessed, and in numberless others may be shewn.

Instead of simplicity, judges by the canonic art, skill in form-w r 102 ing rules, for interpretation of wills have ‘ tied a gor-dian knot.’

Why gordian knot? the too £o oo ~r¡c apa^yjz 6 dserfioz, the vin-,<i culum inextricabile,to which is here alluded, is said to have been Quint’ 'serie vinculorum ita adstricta, ut unde nexus inciperet, ,3"' Curt’ lib’ quove se eonderet, nec ratione, nec visu, percipi posset. ,g 3, c,.p’ i. now we learn, that the judges tying this knot, were in-w r ioo stigated by the ‘spirit of the feudal system;’ so that the «judges, who have been since struggling,’ we are not told how long, ‘ since to untie it,’ and who possibly knew unde nexus in-cepe rat, and therefore could have found one end of the cord ■#. with which the knot was tied, must have been clumsy, if they j8, could not find, quo se condidit, the other end. the pellaean he-rí' ro, if he had been so lucky as to discover the begining of the ■ cord, with which the pbrygian knot was tied, would have been more dexterous, and probably by ravelling it, would have fulfilled an oracle, instead of eluding it, by the discission, this expedient, however, is commended: for we are informed, ‘ it Wr 102 ‘would have been better if they, ENGLISH judges, bad cut it, the knot, at once.’ yea verily? would it have been better? if so, why did not, why do not, Virginia judges imitate the ma-cedonians example, since, ‘by tbe american revolution, and ‘ some of our laws, we have happily got rid of tbe feudal Wr 100 system;’ and the spirit of it in this part of the globe hath been exorcised ? they would have been, they will be, acquited of te*350merity, which was ascribed to him, and might have Quint' avoided, may still avoid, agonies which english judges curt’ lib suffer, in their 1 struggle for the intention against rigid 3 Cap’ 1? unjust rules of law,’ that is, rules of interpretation.

The english structure of canons, rules for interpretation of testaments,’ ‘unfortunately admitted,’—unfortunately truly for all but those, who, like Demetrius and his suit, ‘by w r 102 ‘ this craft have their wealth,—a structure of rule for Act’«post* ‘expounding testaments, that is, for ‘counteracting Cap XIX. ‘ defeating, intentions of testators ’ (for to call it inter- W r 103 pretation and exposition, if not ironically, must be nonsense) a structure agreed to be an imp of the feudal stock— w r passim may be resembled rather to the Cretan labyrinth, for expediting us from its meanders, our Daedalus, who

Yirg>-ipse dolos tecli ambagesque resolvit, Caeca regens Jilo vestigia,---

the general assembly shewed the clewj execrating, in our system of jurisprudence, every part formed of feudal materials, or fashioned in feudal style. How we shall profit by the indication may be augured by the ease of Ayletts executor against w r 300. Aylett, and by the * eulogy which no doubt was *W r no. extremely delectable to him whom it blandished, and ‘ whose laborious researches on such occasions were pleasing ‘ to the court.’

(F) Let us suppose the testator to have used instead of the word, ‘ heirs,’ the syllabus of it, taken from the statute directing the course of descents, when the bequest would have been written thus: ‘ at my daughters death,

‘ i give the interest of the money to my grandchildren Sarah ‘Cocke, Elizabeth Clements, Francis Clements, and John ‘ Clements, one fourth to each ; and at their decease,

‘ [i give] the principal and interest † to their children, to ‘ their descendents, to be disposed by them, in such proportions ‘ as they, by their wills, shall direct;

if no children nor descendents of my grandaughter Sarah ‘ Cocke be, i give her part to my grandaughter Elizabeth Cle- ‘ ments;

‘if no children nor descendents of my other grandchildren ‘he, [i give their parts of] the principal and interest to their ‘ father,’ here supposed to be the same man. the testator pro*351bably did not intend this: but such must have been the effect, if the father were living ;

‘ if the father be dead [i give their parts of] the principal ‘and interest to their mother,’ also supposed to be the same woman, ‘ brothers and sisters, and their descendants or such of ‘ them as there be in such proportions and so forth.

That the testators words may he understood in this sense is incontestable, and that they ought, even in opposition to ‘ cases ‘strong, uniform, applying pointedly,’ to be understood in this the demotic sense, by which his intention may be fulfilled, rather than that his intention should be counteracted, defeated, by exposition of the word, ‘ heirs,’ in the technical sense, is-; hold here

-give thy thoughts no tongue. Shaksp’

MANTISSA.* *Cro. Car* sub finera.

‘ The rule is laid down, in Eose and Bartlett, by all ‘ the judges, that where a testator, having both free- r ‘ hold and leasehold lands, in a particular place, devises ALL ‘ his lands in THAT place, only the freehold lands shall pass,’

‘ Le report del case argue en le common banke devant touts les 1 justices de mes me le banke en le quart an du raygne de roy Scribierus’s Jacques, entre ‘ Matthew Stradling, plant,’ el Peter reports. ‘ Styles, def,’ en un action propter certos equos colo- ‘ ratos, anglice, pneb Ijorses, port per le dit Matthew vers le dit ‘ Peter, le recitel del case. Sir John Swale, of Swaleball in ‘ Swale dale fast b|í lije river Swale, k’t, mabe f)is last mili ‘anb testament: in mlpclp among other bequests, mas tips, ‘viz. ‘out of the kind love and respect that i bear unto my “ honoured aud good friend mr Matthew Stradling, gent,’ i “ do bequeath unto the said Matthew Stradling, gent,’ ALL “ my black and white horses.’ tl)e testator l)ab si* black ‘horses, si* mtiite parses, anb si* pgeb fyorses. le point, the ‘bibate therefore mas, mhelher or no the saib Matthew Strad- ‘ ling sljonlb bane the saib ppeb horses, bn nirtne of the saib * bequest, this case was argued by Atkins, apprentice, ponr le ‘pi,’ and by Catlyne, serjeant, ponr le befenb.’ It court fnit Tongenunt cn bonbt, be ctst matter; tí apres granb SHEOiJ-‘(EíiQMOíD-N tn jnbgmtnt fnit bonne ponr It pi, nisi causa. ‘ motion in arrest of judgement, that the pyed horses were ‘ mares ; and thereupon an inspection was prayed, tt mx tea it * court advisare vull.’

*352These too cases ' apply POINTEDLY.’ the resolutions of them are contradictory.

Stradling versus Styles, although, adjudged, if indeed the case ever existed, long before Bose versus Batlett, as may be conjectured from divers considerations, doth not appear to have been cited in the argument of the latter case ; probably for these reasons; first, the reports of master Scriblerus had not been published ; second, if they had been published, they would have been disregarded, not being authorized by the judges, imprimatur; last, the name of the supposed author is believed to be fictious, and to have been assumed by a certain COMMON SENSE, who, long a probationer, had not, in the time of George Croke, knight, reporter of Rose versus Bartlett, been able to become a licentiate, in Westminster ball, even of an ouster barristers degree.

‘ Thus settled’ (the principle in Sbermers case) ‘ it has Wr become a rule of property’ (that is a law, which the judges 302 wbo assumed authority to ordain it, have, and their successors will have, equal authority to abrogate) ‘ which the court ean- ‘ not depart from without disturbing MANY titles enjoyed un- ‘ der this LONG ESTABLISHED PRINCIPLE.’

If the present judges shall not abrogate these rules and principles, their successors will not want logic to prove that those wbo can make, who can ESTABLISH, can defeat, can DEMOLISH, RULES of property, that is, LAWS.

*w r 134 If precedents be requisite, they are at hand. ‘ *FUR- ‘ NISHED,' by the court of appeals : for example :

Wr 302 'The court cannot depart from a rule of property,’ by which they mean a judicial rule of interpretation, as it is explained by themselves, ‘ without disturbing titles.’ then they may depart from the rule, if it be a bad rule, and if departure from it will quiet more titles, than adhaesion to it will disturb.

Again for a more POINTED example.

‘ The judges after laying down the true rule, built upon in- ‘ tention, unfortunately admitted that, if there be no words of ‘ limitation the common law rule must prevale; by which they ‘ tied a gordian not, which they have since struggled to untie. ‘ it would have been better if they had cut it at once.’

Wr 102 Now, with what was this knot tied? with ‘ rules and in many ‘ of interpretation, rules of construction, principles, more places. ‘ rules of property.’ ‘ what are rules of property,’ but laws? who ‘ tied the knot?’ judges, who formed the rules? judges, who 'have struggled to untie the knot?’ judges, who ‘ would have done better if they had cut it ?’ *353judges, ‘at once;’ when? not before the knot was tied by preceding judges, surely, what is the proper, instead of the metaphorical sense of ‘ tying, struggling to unite, cuting, the ‘ knot?’ forming rules of interpretation, rules of construction, ‘principles, rules of property,’ was ‘tying.’ endeavoring to change them was ‘struggling to untie.’ declaring them to have been originaly contrary to law was ‘ cuting.’

Consequently the court of appeals authorized abrogation of rules for interpretation of testaments.

Here upon the. concession of the court of appeals, that, for interpretation of wills, ‘ the rule built upon intention ’ is the ‘ true rule,’ deserves to he remarked, if it were a true rule, it was a common law rule, if it were a common law rule, the rule ‘ the judges unfortunately admitted to prevale against it,’ is a false rule, and the proposition that it was ‘ the common law rule,’ involves a contradiction.

‘From the rule of property,’ the rule of construction, ‘ set- ‘ tied by judges and chancellors,’ in the case of Rose and Bartlett, and some other cases, in England, ‘ the court could not tie- ‘ part,’ in the case, of notable celebrity,* between Ay- Wr302 lefts executor and Aylett, 8 without disturbing MANY titles, ‘enjoyed under this LONG ESTABLISHED PRINCIPLE.’ will obsequence of that glaringly false unjust principle, or deviation from it, think you, produce the most quietude or disturbance in this country? probably the case hath frequently happened, ‘ where a testator, having both freehold and leasehold ‘ lands, in a particular place, devised ALL his lands ift that ‘ place,’ and been settled, without litigation, by the parties, who had not been informed of this ‘ LONG ESTABLISHED ‘PRINCIPLE,’ according to his ‘apparent intention.’ and perhaps ‘ MANY titles have been enjoyed peaceably and ‘ quietly under ’ such settlements, we hear of a single instance, in this country, where any person had questioned, whether ‘ only the freehold lands should pass by such a devise: ’ in other words, whether the postulate of Euclid, in his elements, 4 that the whole is greater than its part,’ ought to be granted, if so, when Washingtons reports shall be, as they quickly will be, in the hands of every leguleius, indefatigable in his ‘researches’ w r after adjudged cases, and ambitious to deserve the ‘ opiu-iio 8 ion, that what is not produced by him, in favour of the *354'side be advocates, does not exist,’ this case of Aylett, 'for W r ' which nothing can be said, but that in Ayletts will are 302 ‘ no words or circumstances to shew an intention, which ' do not appear in the case of Rose and Bartlett, instead of being a finis litium, will multiply them, and be as prolific as the fabulous hydra, or that species of the true hydra called the polypus.

[Nora. Bill of review in this case was allowed, March 1Í98. The decree reviewed and affirmed, ut supra p. 343. 1, 8, 1T99; and case taken to Court of Appeals. 5 Call 150.—1¾..]

Mr. Green here refers to 10, Sim. 491, Blewitt v. Roberts; 9 Sim. 161, Archibald v. Wright; 2 Keen, 54, Cooper v. Bowler, &c.

&c. refer to notes at the end of the case.

Marcus Pomponius Marcellus, cum ex oratione Tiberium reprehendisset, affirmants Ateto Capitoné, d esse latinum} et} si non esset, futurum, ‘ certejam inde mentitur1 in-*348quit, Capito. tu enim Caesar, eivitatem dare potes hominibus, verbis non potes J ¡Suetorí de iilusC grommatd 22. interpretation of words, which are not legal terms of art,, is not peculiarly within the judicial sphere, and legal judges can, by their cases, .precedents, authorities, rules of construction, or whatever else th^v please to call them, no more ‘ESTABLISH for PRINO.PLES, and RULES of PROPERTY* false interpretations of such words than a roman emperor, as he was told by honest Marcellus, with a generous boldness, although he might grant freedom of the city to foreigners and barbarians, could denizate or naturalize a soloecism ;—a power which the base Capito, with the servility of a cringing court favourite yielded.

transpositions, by which the construction, in either sense, without the least change of meaning is more pe-spicuous.

If in this case the intention appeared CLEAR, that the 1 lease— W r 302 1 hold land should pass, the court would give a decision according to this principle, > IN SÜPPORT OP THE INTENTION ; but WE can discover NO SUCH INTENSION.’ these words have been read by some people without STARING !