The opinion of the court was delivered by

We think the statute in question in this case was designed to enable the maker of any promise or obligation in writing for an interest in a patent-right, to forefend himself against indefensible liability under the law-merchant. It is left with him whether he will make the salvo of the statute available for his own protection or not. If he sees fit to give his negotiable paper in the commercial form, without the “ stop-thief” warning in it, it is not for him to go back on some person who has lawfully and innocently dealt with the thief in respect to that paper just as if he was an honest man — the character in which the maker of the paper permitted him to appear with the paper for use and disposal, notwithstanding he had lawful opportunity and power to stamp his true character, and the true character of the paper, on the face of the paper itself.

The provision for a penalty against the person who shall take such paper without the words of warning in it, is not in like terms, nor on the same reason, as the statutes prohibiting gaming', the sale of intoxicating liquor, and the like, which declare void all contracts upon such' consideration. In the present case, it is not criminal, according to law, to sell au interest in a patent. It is not criminal, though, generally, it is intensely foolish, to buy such an interest — especially of the smooth-tongued, blandly-impudent rascals who throng the country and play “ heathen Chinee” upon rustic greed for money, to be made by .short cut, instead ’of being earned by plodding and honest industry in accustomed pursuits.

It is not unlawful to give such paper without the prescribed words inserted. The penalty is imposed only on the taker of *29such paper in the first instance. It was not designed to reflect on the contract, or to affect the legal quality or usableness of the paper. As between the maker and payee, and as between the maker and parties taking the paper overdue, or with notice of defective consideration, there was no need of the statute, except for the purpose of having the note itself bear conclusive evidence of being subject to defense on the score of consideration. It is mainly to enable the maker to defend against the note when negotiated before due, that the inserting of the words of warning is required. The provision for the penalty was made in tender consideration of the fact (antagonistic to the maxim that every one is presumed to know the law) that persons not knowing the law, might give notes without that clause inserted, unless the peril of the penalty should hold the swindler from taking such paper. The additional provision for redress by action, points plainly to the view that no other consequences than those expressed in the -statute were to ensue upon the taking of such paper without that clause inserted. The party to the sale.of the patent who takes such paper, is subjected to liability to the penalty, and to reimburse any damage accruing to .the maker. The main if not the only way in which damage would seem likely to accrue to the maker, would be by some innocent holder of it when negotiated before due, eniorcing payment from the maker.

The immunity thus provided against the consequences of ignorance, heedlessness, or recklessness, or even the foolishness of persons disposed to dabble in the purchase of interests in patent-rights, seems to be the full extent intended by the legislature, and quite as much as that class of citizens can reasonably ask. ,

The principle of the case of Passumpsic Bank v. Goss et al. 31 Vt. 315, and of many like cases before and since, is applicable in full force in the present case, as showing that the morality involved requires that the defendant should not be permitted to cast on the plaintiff, who is an innocent, bona-fide holder, the burden from which he might have protected both himself and the plaintiff, but for his own negligence in that behalf.

Judgment affirmed.