Noble v. Lubrin
Noble v. Lubrin
Opinion of the Court
Martin Noble appeals from a bench trial verdict involving the formation, operation, and dissolution of Evergreen Promotions, Inc., a corporation that he formed with Renato Lubrin. Noble assigns error to virtually all of the trial court’s findings and conclusions, arguing (1) that Lubrin wrongfully appropriated a corporate opportunity or (2) breached a fiduciary duty by engaging in oppressive conduct; (3) that Lubrin’s company, Sky Valley Productions (Sky Valley), was a successor corporation; and (4) Noble should have received an attorney fees award. He also asserts that (5) the findings do not support the court’s order judicially dissolving the corporation and (6), the trial court was required to make findings about the monetary and nonmonetary advantages Lubrin obtained by his actions. Lubrin cross-appeals, contending the trial court erred in ordering the sale of assets and an accounting and not awarding his attorney fees. We affirm the trial court’s decision because there was no corporate opportunity for
FACTS
Noble and Lubrin formed Evergreen Promotions, Inc., (Evergreen) in March 1998. The closely-held corporation was formed to put on swap meets at Snohomish County’s Evergreen Fairgrounds
Evergreen entered into two one-year leases with the fairgrounds, one for swap meets and the second for a Christmas fair. Neither contract had a renewal option. Evergreen also got some three-year sponsorships paid in advance by area businesses wishing to have their names displayed at the Christmas fair. Throughout the first year, the parties held swap meets and the Christmas fair. They purchased lights and related equipment for the Christmas fair’s “one million lights” display. At the end of the year, the parties met to plan for the next year.
The parties then began communicating only through their attorneys. They did not give notice of or hold a shareholder or director’s meeting to dissolve Evergreen.
When Lubrin decided not to continue Evergreen with Noble, he and his wife started a partnership called Sky Valley Productions. Sky Valley entered into license agreements with the fairgrounds to hold swap meets and a Christmas fair in 1999 and 2000. Sky Valley honored the agreements that Evergreen had with local businesses, mentioning their names as promoters because they felt “a personal obligation to [do] so.” Sky Valley used the lights Lubrin was storing to present Sky Valley’s Christmas fair. In 1999, Sky Valley lost money, and in 2000, it made a profit of $1,500.
The trial court concluded there was no corporate opportunity for Lubrin to usurp, the corporation had no value, and there was no good will. It ordered that the corporation be dissolved and wind up its affairs with an accounting of Evergreen’s assets, which should be applied to its debts. The court made a finding that the corporation was not properly dissolved and awarded Noble $175.00 in statutory fees and costs. Finally, the court declined to award attorney fees to either party.
DISCUSSION
As a preliminary matter, we must determine whether Noble properly assigned error to the findings of fact and conclusions of law. Ordinarily, unchallenged findings of fact are treated as verities on appeal.
I. Did Lubrin wrongfully appropriate a corporate opportunity?
“The corporate opportunity doctrine prohibits directors or officers from appropriating to themselves business opportunities that rightfully belong to the corporation.”
[W]hen there is presented to a corporate officer a business opportunity which the corporation is financially able to undertake, and which, by its nature, falls into the line of the corporation’s business and is of practical advantage to it, or is an opportunity in which the corporation has an actual or expectant interest, the officer is prohibited from permitting his*819 self-interest to be brought into conflict with the corporation’s interest and may not take the opportunity for himself.[11 ]
Whether an opportunity is a corporate one is a conclusion of law which we review de novo.
[t]he corporate opportunity doctrine prohibits directors or officers from appropriating to themselves business opportunities that rightfully belong to the corporation [and] [w]hether a particular business opportunity belongs to the corporation or is personal to the individual depends upon the facts and circumstances of each particular case.[14 ]
Courts have taken three different approaches to determining whether there is a corporate opportunity: the “line of business” test, the “interest-or-expectancy” test, or the “fairness” test. The line of business test is the most commonly applied. Under that test, “a new business prospect constitutes a corporate opportunity if it is deemed to fall within the firm’s ‘line of business.’ ”
In this case, the trial court apparently applied the interest-or-expectancy test. It concluded that the corporate opportunity Lubrin allegedly took over was the lease agreement with the fairgrounds.
We adopt the line-of-business test derived from the rule in Equity Corp. The first question is whether the complainant has shown the business opportunity is within the “line of business” of the corporation or whether the business already has an actual or expectant interest in the opportunity. The second question is whether the corpora-
Noble argues that Lubrin cannot use the financial ability defense because he was a “material actor” in creating the insolvency of the corporation. He relies on Aqua-Culture Technologies, Ltd. v. Holly.
II. Did Lubrin violate a fiduciary duty through oppressive conduct?
Washington has not adopted a specific test for determining whether there has been oppressive action against a shareholder. In Robblee v. Robblee
Noble argues that Lubrin’s actions defeated his “reasonable expectation” that theirs was a long-term venture and thus breached his fiduciary duty to him. We cannot agree. If we were to accept Noble’s argument, courts would have to find oppressive conduct whenever an officer/share
We affirm.
The remainder of this opinion has no precedential value. Therefore, it will not be published but has been filed for public record. See RCW 2.06.040; CAR 14.
Becker, C.J., and Baker, J., concur.
Evergreen Fairgrounds is not related to Evergreen Promotions, Inc.
Chapter 23B.14 RCW, the Washington Business Corporation Act chapter on corporate dissolution, establishes the procedures for dissolving a corporation.
Noble had lights and equipment originally purchased for $32,000, and Lubrin had lights and equipment originally purchased for $8,400. The trial court found their value was insignificant. It noted that “[e]veryone [had] testified that many of the lights would not work in subsequent years.”
State v. Hill, 123 Wn.2d 641, 647, 870 P.2d 313 (1994).
RAP 1.2(a); Daughtry v. Jet Aeration Co., 91 Wn.2d 704, 709-10, 592 P.2d 631 (1979).
Por example, finding of fact 1.32 includes the court’s conclusion of law that the license agreements with the fairgrounds did not constitute a corporate opportunity.
Noble also raises the issue in the section of his brief addressing “Issues Pertaining to Assignments of Error.”
Wagner v. Foote, 128 Wn.2d 408, 413, 908 P.2d 884 (1996) (citing Equity Corp. v. Milton, 43 Del. Ch. 160, 221 A.2d 494, 497 (1966)).
43 Del. Ch. 160, 221 A.2d 494, 497 (1966).
Dempere v. Nelson, 76 Wn. App. 403, 406, 886 P.2d 219 (1994), review denied, 126 Wn.2d 1015 (1995).
128 Wn.2d 408, 908 P.2d 884 (1996) (holding that the opportunity for a corporate shareholder/officer to enter into a noncompetition agreement in conjunction with the sale of corporate assets is not a corporate business opportunity, but an officer breaches his fiduciary duty if such an agreement results in the corporation’s receiving less than market value of the goods).
Id. at 413 (citation omitted).
Eric Talley, Turning Servile Opportunities to Gold: A Strategic Analysis of the Corporate Opportunities Doctrine, 108 Vale L.J. 277, 289 (1998).
Id. at 291.
Id. at 292.
Id. at 293 (quoting Durfee v. Durfee & Canning, Inc., 323 Mass. 187, 80 N.E.2d 522, 529 (1948)).
Noble cites Comedy Cottage, Inc. v. Berk, 145 Ill. App. 3d 355, 495 N.E.2d 1006, 1011, 99 Ill. Dec. 271 (1986) as specifically holding that there is a protectable expectancy in the renewal of a lease. Comedy is distinguishable from this case. There, (1) the business was well established, profitable, and negotiating a lease for the location from which it had operated for several years; (2) it was clear that the corporation was financially able to enter into the lease; and (3) the lease was under negotiation when the officer left the corporation to pursue the interest for himself.
Noble argues that the court erred in finding there was no evidence that Evergreen would have obtained contract renewals because Sky Valley actually got renewals and it had less financial backing than Evergreen. But Lubrin’s testimony suggested that the fairgrounds could turn an applicant down for any reason, they would not give multiple-year leases, and that Sky Valley had to advance $7,500 to obtain the new lease. This evidence, which the trial court believed, along with the fact that the only lease in evidence was for one year, is substantial evidence supporting this finding of fact.
677 So. 2d 171, 183 (Miss. 1996) (concluding that majority shareholders may not cause the corporation’s insolvency and then argue that it lacked the financial ability to seize a corporate opportunity).
Id. at 182.
68 Wn. App. 69, 841 P.2d 1289 (1992).
Id. at 76 (quoting Gimpel v. Bolstein, 125 Misc. 2d 45, 477 N.Y.S.2d 1014, 1018 (1984)) (alteration in original). The other test, which has been called the “fair dealing” test, describes oppression as “ “burdensome, harsh and wrongful conduct; a lack of probity and fair dealing in the affairs of a company to the prejudice of some of its members; or a visible departure from the standards of fair dealing, and a violation of fair play on which every shareholder who entrusts his money to a company is entitled to rely.’ ” Id. (quoting Gimpel, 477 N.Y.S.2d at 1018). The two approaches are “not mutually exclusive, and will frequently be found to be equivalent. Often, however, it will be found that one or the other lends itself more nearly to the facts of the case as an appropriate analytical framework.” Gimpel, 477 N.Y.S.2d at 1019. We need not apply these factors here because Noble’s expectations were not reasonable.
Robblee, 68 Wn. App. at 76 (citing Gimpel, 477 N.Y.S.2d at 1019).
Reference
- Full Case Name
- Marty Noble v. Renato Lubrin
- Cited By
- 8 cases
- Status
- Published