Seaborn Pile Driving Co. v. Glew
Seaborn Pile Driving Co. v. Glew
Opinion of the Court
¶1 — In 1999, Seaborn Pile Driving Company, Inc., built a 70 foot pier for Gayle and Janet Glew. In February of 2000, Seaborn sued to collect $1,824.48 due for the work. The Glews denied owing anything to Seaborn and counterclaimed for breach of contract and violation of the Consumer Protection Act
¶2 Seaborn made a Civil Rule (CR) 68 offer of judgment for $4,500 in exchange for dismissal of the Glews’ counterclaims. The offer did not mention costs or attorney fees, nor did it address Seaborn’s collection claim. The Glews accepted the offer and made a separate motion for attorney fees.
¶3 Seaborn resisted the Glews’ motion, arguing that it had intended the offer to include attorney fees. The trial court awarded the Glews attorney fees only for the time spent on their counterclaims. Seaborn appeals. Because the CR 68 offer did not include attorney fees, and was unequivocally accepted, we affirm.
I
¶4 In January of 1999, the Glews contracted with Seaborn to “repair” a pier at their recently purchased lakefront property. The remains of the old pier were in such disrepair as to require demolition and reconstruction. Seaborn proposed to demolish the remains of the old pier and build a new one, 6 feet by 60 feet, with an ell extension, 8 feet by 20 feet. The Glews signed a contract with Seaborn, and the work commenced. When Seaborn applied for permits from the city of Seattle, it represented the- project as a repair of a preexisting pier that was between 50 feet and 60 feet long. The city believed this was a repair to a preexisting pier of the same length and granted the permits. Seaborn did not apply for an Army Corps of Engineers permit because there was a nationwide permit exempting rebuilding work. The construction was completed in late 1999; the
¶5 Seaborn sued the Glews for $1,824.48 for the installation of the inshore pier section. The Glews counterclaimed for breach of contract, negligent misrepresentation, and CPA violations for Seaborn’s failure to properly permit the pier. Discovery did not improve Seaborn’s position. A 1990 survey of the subject property surfaced, revealing that the original pier was only 30 feet long, not 60 feet as Seaborn had represented to the city. In spring 2001, the Glews’ attorney spoke with the Army Corps of Engineers. When the Corps learned the circumstances of the case, it notified the Glews that the 70 foot pier was built in violation of federal law because it was construction, not repair. When the city of Seattle learned this information, it rescinded its permits as well. Shortly thereafter, the parties reached an interim settlement agreement outlining the next steps that Seaborn would take to resolve the permitting problems, including “minor” revisions to the pier. However, that agreement was later rescinded on the basis of mutual mistake when it was revealed that the pier would have to be shortened by half to meet permitting requirements.
¶6 Two weeks before trial, Seaborn made an offer of judgment of $4,500. The offer stated:
Seaborn Pile Driving, Inc., as the party defending the counterclaims of defendants Glew, submits this offer to have judgment to be taken against it for the sum of Four Thousand Five Hundred Dollars ($4,500), and tenders payment of said sum contemporaneous with this offer.
This offer of judgment is made pursuant to Superior Court Civil Rule 68.
¶8 Seaborn dismissed its original complaint, and the Glews moved for entry of judgment: $4,500 plus $63,700 for attorney fees. There were two attorney fee provisions in the construction contract. The first, regarding collection actions taken by Seaborn, defined “costs” to include attorney fees. The second, regarding litigation on the contract, defined attorney fees as separate from other costs. The Glews argued that they were entitled to attorney fees as the prevailing party on their counterclaims, under the second provision. The Glews received a judgment for $38,000 in attorney fees on their counterclaims.
¶9 Seaborn appeals the judgment for attorney fees. It also appeals the order rescinding the parties’ settlement agreement, although it acknowledges that to reach this issue, this court must first conclude that the offer of judgment is a nullity. Because we decide against Seaborn on the offer of judgment issue, we do not address Seaborn’s arguments concerning the trial court’s rescission order.
II
¶10 “ ‘Issues involving construction of [CR] 68 offers are reviewed de novo, [while] disputed factual findings concerning the circumstances under which the offer was made are usually reviewed for clear error.’ ”
At any time more than 10 days before the trial begins, a party defending against a claim may serve upon the adverse party an offer to allow judgment to be taken against him for the money or property or to the effect specified in his offer, with costs then accrued. If within 10 days after the service of the offer the adverse party serves written notice that the offer is accepted, either party may then file the offer and notice of acceptance together with proof of service thereof and thereupon the court shall enter judgment.[3 ]
¶12 If a CR 68 offer of judgment is silent on the issue of attorney fees, then the court must look to the underlying statute or contract provision. If the statute or contract defines attorney fees as part of costs, then the offer of judgment is inclusive of attorney fees even though they are not mentioned.
¶13 Seaborn claims that the applicable contractual provision defines attorney fees as part of costs. The Seaborn-Glew contract in fact has two attorney fee provisions: (1) a collection clause that defines attorney fees as part of costs and (2) a litigation clause that defines them as separate from costs. The collection clause covers “all reasonable costs and charges incurred in collection.” The litigation clause applies to “any arbitration or lawsuit.” Seaborn argues that under RCW 4.84.330,
¶14 Seaborn next contends that the offer of judgment is void because Seaborn intended its offer to include attorney fees, and therefore there was no mutual assent. Seaborn relies principally on Hodge v. Development Services of America
fl5 Seaborn also overlooks Hennessy v. Daniels Law Office,
It is a longstanding principle of contract law that, absent parol evidence as to the meaning of an ambiguous term, ambiguous terms of a contract are construed against the drafter of the contract. Since Daniels drafted the offer, and the parties offered no extrinsic evidence with respect to the meaning of the offer, we construe the ambiguity in the contract against Daniels, and hold that Daniels is liable for attorney’s fees.[17 ]
Seaborn’s argument that its unexpressed intent to include attorney fees makes them unavailable to the Glews also
¶16 Also, Seaborn ignores a basic contractual interpretation rule. A court can consider extrinsic evidence as an aid to interpretation of the words of a contract, but it cannot import an unexpressed intention of one of the parties into the writing.
¶17 Seaborn contends the trial court’s finding that “plaintiff and plaintiff’s counsel intended the check for $4,500 and the offer of judgment to include attorney fees” is incompatible with its legal conclusion that the offer excluded fees. It is not. As explained above, Seaborn’s unexpressed intent is not controlling. The settlement offer was for $4,500 exclusive of attorney fees by the operation of CR 68 and applicable case law. The trial court could not properly look to Seaborn’s subjective intent for resolution of the issue.
¶18 In defense of its failure to specify that attorney fees were included, Seaborn correctly submits that defendants can make “lump sum” offers and need not provide a “breakdown” of what the offer includes.
Consequently, while an offer to have judgment entered for a sum “including costs and attorney fees” may shift attorney fees when the underlying statute makes attorney fees part of costs (as was the case in Marek), it does not follow that an offer to have judgment entered for a sum “together with costs” has the same effect of being a lump-sum settlement, precluding the*272 recovery of attorney fees, when the underlying statute does not make attorney fees a part of costs. In these circumstances, where the underlying statute does not make attorney fees part of costs, it is incumbent on the defendant making a Rule 68 offer to state clearly that attorney fees are included as part of the total sum for which judgment may be entered if the defendant wishes to avoid exposure to attorney fees in addition to the sum offered plus costs.[27 ]
¶19 The cases that follow Marek make one principle abundantly clear: although a CR 68 offer need not be a laundry list of everything that the offer includes, a wise offeror will expressly state that the offer includes attorney fees. If not, and if the underlying statute or contract does not define attorney fees as part of the costs, the offeree can seek those fees in addition to the amount of the offer.
¶20 Seaborn next argues that the Glews should not have received an attorney fee award relating to the collection action. There is no evidence that the Glews were awarded fees on that claim. The trial court reduced their award from the $63,700 requested to $38,000 and specified that only the fees relating to the counterclaims were included.
¶21 Seaborn also argues that the Glews should not have received fees related to efforts to enforce or rescind the settlement agreement because it contained no attorney fee
¶22 CPL is inapplicable to this case. The Glew-Seaborn interim settlement agreement was an attempt to memorialize the .next steps in the litigation, not an accord and satisfaction of the previous contract. Also, the settlement agreement contained disclaimers that if the parties could not agree on particular cost allocations, the parties could still “litigate their claims in the pending legal action.” No claims were dismissed as a result of the settlement agreement, and subsequent rescission of that agreement was brought within the context of the original lawsuit, not in a separate action. The dispute over the settlement agreement was a dispute under the original contract. The trial court properly awarded the Glews’ attorney fees relating to the settlement agreement and subsequent rescission.
¶23 The remaining assignments of error relate to the trial court’s rescission of the interim settlement agreement. We do not reach this issue because the offer of judgment is effective and its entry “excuses all prior errors,” if any
¶25 Affirmed.
Review denied at 158 Wn.2d 1027 (2007).
Ch. 19.86 RCW.
Herrington v. County of Sonoma, 12 F.3d 901, 906 (9th Cir. 1993) (second alteration in original) (quoting Erdman v. Cochise County, 926 F.2d 877, 879 (9th Cir. 1991)).
CR 68.
Marek v. Chesny, 473 U.S. 1, 9, 105 S. Ct. 3012, 87 L. Ed. 2d 1 (1985), superseded by statute on other grounds as recognized in Fernando v. Hotel Nikko Saipan, Inc., 1992 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 10228, 58 Fair Empl. Prac. Cas. (BNA) 1340, 59 Empl. Prac. Dec. (CCH) ¶ 41,713.
Marek, 473 U.S. at 7 (if an amount for costs is not specified in the offer, then the court is obliged to calculate costs accrued under the statute or contract and add that to the final judgment).
“In any action on a contract or lease entered into after September 21, 1977, where such contract or lease specifically provides that attorney’s fees and costs, which are incurred to enforce the provisions of such contract or lease, shall be awarded to one of the parties, the prevailing party, whether he is the party
Richter v. Trimberger, 50 Wn. App. 780, 784, 750 P.2d 1279 (1988) (unilateral attorney fee provision is reciprocal to other party).
65 Wn. App. 576, 828 P.2d 1175 (1992).
Hodge, 65 Wn. App. at 578.
Hodge, 65 Wn. App. at 578.
Hodge, 65 Wn. App. at 578.
Hodge, 65 Wn. App. at 581-82.
858 F.2d 397 (8th Cir. 1988).
Radecki, 858 F.2d at 403; Hodge, 65 Wn. App. at 582.
270 F.3d 551 (8th Cir. 2001).
Hennessy, 270 F.3d at 552.
Hennessy, 270 F.3d at 553-54 (citation omitted).
127 Wn. App. 180, 110 P.3d 840 (2005).
Berg v. Hudesman, 115 Wn.2d 657, 669, 801 P.2d 222 (1990) (citing J.W. Seavey Hop Corp. v. Pollock, 20 Wn.2d 337, 348-49, 147 P.2d 310 (1944)).
Seaborn offered $4,500 after four years of litigation on a contract that awards attorney fees to the prevailing party.
The offer had no language about costs, fees, or any other inclusive language, such as “in full settlement of all claims” or “as complete resolution of this matter.”
Because the offer on its face did not include a dismissal of Seaborn’s collection claim, and because (as Seaborn eloquently argues) the collection clause applies bilaterally, Seaborn must have known that the Glews could still be awarded attorney fees at trial if they prevailed on the collection claim. Seaborn did later offer to dismiss its collection claim in full settlement, but, by its own admission and the finding of fact of the court, this was separate from the offer of judgment.
Marek, 473 U.S. at 7.
473 U.S. 1, 105 S. Ct. 3012, 87 L. Ed. 2d 1 (1985).
Nusom v. Comh Woodburn, Inc., 122 F.3d 830, 833 (9th Cir. 1997).
Nusom, 122 F.3d at 832.
Nusom, 122 F.3d at 834.
See Hodge, 65 Wn. App. at 584 (“[I]t would be prudent practice and we strongly recommend that where a defendant intends that his offer shall include any attorneys’ fees provided for in the underlying statute he expressly so state.”); and Nusom, 122 F.3d at 834 (“In these circumstances, where the underlying statute does not make attorney fees part of costs, it is incumbent on the defendant making a Rule 68 offer to state clearly that attorney fees are included as part of the total sum for which judgment may be entered if the defendant wishes to avoid exposure to attorney fees in addition to the sum offered plus costs.”).
Nusom, 122 F.3d at 833.
110 Wn. App. 786, 40 P.3d 679 (2002).
CPL, 110 Wn. App. at 789-90.
CPL, 110 Wn. App. at 790.
CPL, 110 Wn. App. at 797-98.
Wash. Asphalt Co. v. Harold Kaeser Co., 51 Wn.2d 89, 91, 316 P.2d 126 (1957).
Reference
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- Seaborn Pile Driving Company, Inc. v. Gayle Glew
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