¶44 (concurring) — I write separately only in relation to our dicta on the confrontation clause. I agree with the majority’s conclusion that exactly what is “testimonial” is far from clear, and I find the majority’s discussion of how that issue might be clarified to be very insightful and persuasive. But, in recent years, I have been surprised enough by developments in this area of the law that I am not comfortable saying where this boat might be headed.

¶1 A jury convicted Nicholas Daniel Hacheney of first degree premeditated murder. In this personal restraint petition (PRP),1 Hacheney first argues that the trial court violated his Sixth Amendment right to confront witnesses when it admitted a toxicology laboratory report from the Washington State Patrol (WSP) Crime Laboratory and allowed testimony regarding the report without the forensic analyst testifying at trial and being subject to cross-examination. He also asserts that newly discovered evidence of problems at the WSP Crime Laboratory requires vacation of his conviction.

¶2 Hacheney also argues that the trial court (1) violated his confrontation clause rights when it admitted the videotaped depositions of three witnesses at trial and violated his constitutional right to a public trial2 when it excluded his father from these witnesses’ depositions, (2) improperly commented on the evidence by including the phrase “consciousness of guilt” in its ER 404(b) limiting instruction, and (3) violated his due process rights3 by giving the jury the limiting instruction. Finally, Hacheney argues that both his trial and appellate counsel were ineffective and that cumulative error requires reversal of his conviction. We deny his request for relief.

*5FACTS

¶3 On December 26,1997, Hacheney left his home early in the morning to go hunting with Phil Martini and Lindsey Latsbaugh. After Hacheney left, his neighbors noticed that the Hacheney home was on fire. The fire damaged the bedroom. Fire fighters found Hacheney’s wife’s body in bed as well as propane canisters and an electric space heater in the bedroom.

¶4 Hacheney told investigators that he and his wife, Dawn Hacheney,4 had opened Christmas presents, including the propane canisters, the night before and had left the gifts in the room with the wrapping paper in front of the space heater. He said that he had turned on the space heater when he woke up that morning and that Dawn may have failed to escape the fire because she had taken Benadryl during the night.

¶5 When Dr. Emmanuel Lacsina, a Kitsap County medical examiner, performed an autopsy on Dawn’s body, he found that she did not have soot in her trachea or lungs and that she had pulmonary edema, a condition that can result from congestive heart failure, drowning, a drug overdose,, head injury, or suffocation. He also collected blood and lung samples. Dr. Lacsina requested a toxicology report after the autopsy results made him “suspicious” that Dawn may have been dead before the fire consumed the Hacheneys’ home based on his autopsy results. Report of Proceedings (RP) at 943.

¶6 Egle Weiss, a WSP Crime Laboratory toxicologist, tested the blood and tissue samples Dr. Lacsina provided. These tests revealed no carbon monoxide in Dawn’s blood and lungs and no propane in her lungs, indicating that Dawn did not inhale after the fire began. Weiss’s tests also *6revealed an elevated level of Benadryl in Dawn’s body. But the original police and insurance investigations concluded that Dawn’s death was accidental. Based on Weiss’s toxicology report, the lack of suspicion of foul play, and other information available at the time, Dr. Lacsina concluded that Dawn’s larynx had spasmed reflexively during the fire, causing her to suffocate.

¶7 In 2001, new facts came to light, causing investigators to take a second look at the circumstances surrounding Dawn’s death. Sandra Glass told investigators that she had an affair with Hacheney during the summer and fall of .1997. Glass told investigators that a few weeks after Dawn’s death, Hacheney had told her that God had told him to “ [t] ake the land,”5 that he had held a plastic bag over Dawn’s head until she stopped breathing, and that he had then started the fire. RP at 2334. Investigators also discovered that in the months following Dawn’s death, Hacheney had sexual relationships with at least three other women. The State charged Hacheney with first degree premeditated murder, alleging that he had committed the murder in the course of first degree arson.6

¶8 Three months before trial, the trial court granted the State’s request to take the preservation videotaped depositions of three witnesses who were planning to be out of the country during the scheduled trial, to be used in place of live testimony at trial. The State had all three witnesses *7under subpoena for trial, but two of the witnesses, a married couple, were moving to Scotland for three years, and the third witness, an electrical engineer, was moving to Bolivia for six months. The State argued, in part, that it would be burdensome for the witnesses to return for trial and that it would be financially burdensome for the State to bring them back for trial. The trial court denied Hacheney’s father’s request to attend these depositions.

¶9 By the time this matter came to trial, Weiss had died unexpectedly and was unavailable to testify about her laboratory analyses, but Dr. Barry Logan and Weiss had both signed her report. Dr. Logan was Weiss’s supervisor in 1997, and he testified about the WSP Crime Laboratory’s testing procedures for blood and tissue samples. The trial court admitted Weiss’s “Death Investigation Toxicology Report” over Hacheney’s objections. Ex. 323. Dr. Lacsina, Dr. Daniel Selove, and Dr. Logan testified at trial. Drs. Lacsina and Selove testified that Dawn had died from suffocation before the fire started, and both doctors based their opinions, in part, on Weiss’s laboratory report.

¶10 At the close of trial, the trial court gave the following limiting instruction with regard to evidence of Hacheney’s sexual relationships shortly after Dawn died in the fire:

Evidence has been introduced in this case on the subject of the Defendant’s relationships with several women for the limited purposes of whether the Defendant acted with motive, intent or premeditation, or as evidence of consciousness of guilt. You must not consider this evidence for any other purpose.

Clerk’s Papers at 1355. The jury found Hacheney guilty of first degree premeditated murder and found, by special verdict, that he had committed the murder in the course of first degree arson.

¶11 On direct appeal, Hacheney raised 29 issues. State v. Hacheney, noted at 128 Wn. App. 1061, 2005 WL 1847160, at *1,2005 Wash. App. LEXIS 1940, at *1 (Hacheney I), aff’d *8in part and rev’d in part, 160 Wn.2d 503, 158 P.3d 1152 (2007) (.Hacheney II). Hacheney’s arguments included assertions that (1) the evidence was insufficient to support the jury’s finding that he committed the murder in the course of first degree arson; (2) the trial court violated his right to confrontation by allowing Drs. Lacsina, Logan, and Selove to rely on Weiss’s written laboratory report; (3) the trial court violated his Sixth Amendment right to confront witnesses against him when it admitted the pretrial depositions of three witnesses; (4) the trial court violated his constitutional right to a public trial by not allowing his father to attend the State’s depositions of witnesses who were expected to be out of the country during the trial; and (5) the trial court erred by including the phrase “consciousness of guilt” in the limiting jury instruction. Hacheney I, 2005 WL 1847160, at *3, *5-7,2005 Wash. App. LEXIS 1940, at *8, *17-18, *23, *26-27.

¶12 We rejected Hacheney’s confrontation clause challenge to the trial court’s admission of Weiss’s toxicology report and the experts’ testimony based on it.7 Hacheney I, 2005 WL 1847160, at *3, *7-10, 2005 Wash. App. LEXIS 1940, at *7-8, *27-39. We affirmed his conviction, rejecting his remaining arguments as well. Hacheney I, 2005 WL 1847160, at *15, 2005 Wash. App. LEXIS 1940, at *59.

¶13 Our Supreme Court reviewed two of the arguments Hacheney raised in his first direct appeal: whether (1) the evidence supported the jury’s finding that Hacheney had committed the murder in the course of first degree arson and (2) the trial court violated his Sixth Amendment right to confront witnesses by admitting the videotaped depositions of the three witnesses at trial. Hacheney II, 160 Wn.2d at 506. Our Supreme Court, however, did not review the confrontation clause challenge to Weiss’s toxicology report and its contents. It held that as a matter of law, Hacheney did not murder his wife in the course of arson and vacated *9the aggravating factor. Hacheney II, 160 Wn.2d at 506, 520. Our Supreme Court also held that Hacheney’s rights under the confrontation clause were not violated by admission of the videotaped depositions of the three witnesses because the witnesses were unavailable. Hacheney II, 160 Wn.2d at 506.

¶14 On remand from our Supreme Court for resentencing without the aggravating factor, on June 20, 2008, the trial court resentenced Hacheney. A year later, on June 25, 2009, the United States Supreme Court issued its opinion in Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts, 557 U.S. 305, 129 S. Ct. 2527, 174 L. Ed. 2d 314 (2009). On October 27, 2009, we rejected Hacheney’s challenge to the standard range sentence imposed on remand but again remanded to the trial court to impose the correct community custody term pursuant to the statutes applicable when Hacheney committed his crime. State v. Hacheney, noted at 152 Wn. App. 1052, 2009 WL 3439962, at *4, 2009 Wash. App. LEXIS 2669, at *10-11 (Hacheney III). On April 28, 2010, our Supreme Court denied his petition for review of our second opinion addressing his resentencing and, on May 6, we issued our mandate. Hacheney’s time to file a petition for certiorari to the United States Supreme Court expired on June 27,2010.

¶15 In his motion for reconsideration of our opinion issued in this PRP, Hacheney failed to identify any statute or court rule allowing him to raise in the resentencing proceedings on remand a confrontation clause challenge to the trial court’s admission of Weiss’s toxicology report and the experts’ testimony, an issue that he raised and we decided in his first appeal in 2005, and which issue our Supreme Court did not review. Hacheney I, 2005 WL 1847160, at *3, *5-7, 2005 Wash. App. LEXIS 1940, at *7-8, *17-27. Nor does the record indicate that he attempted to raise the confrontation clause issue during any resentencing proceeding or his second appeal. Hacheney III, 2009 WL 3439962, at *4, 2009 Wash. App. LEXIS 2669, at *10-11. *10Nevertheless, on reconsideration, Hacheney now argues that for purposes of retroactivity and finality analysis of the confrontation clause issue raised in his first direct appeal decided in 2005, we look to the finality of his second direct appeal of the sentence imposed on remand, which he asserts became final on June 27, 2010, when his time for filing a petition for certiorari to the United States Supreme Court expired. We disagree and further hold that any error in the finality determination is harmless in this case.

ANALYSIS

Retroactivity of Confrontation Rights re Toxicology Report

¶16 Hacheney argues that Bullcoming v. New Mexico,_ U.S. _, 131 S. Ct. 2705, 180 L. Ed. 2d 610 (2011) and Melendez-Diaz establish that the trial court’s admission of Weiss’s toxicology report and expert testimony relying on it to explain the basis of the experts’ opinions violated his confrontation clause rights. Although reexamination of the merits of Hacheney’s claim in light of the rapidly evolving area of confrontation clause jurisprudence in a direct appeal may well reach a different conclusion,8 and that emerging law may change the outcome,9 we hold that Washington law *11precludes retroactive application of Bullcoming and Melendez-Diaz with regard to the admission of Weiss’s toxicology report and the expert testimony relying on it in this PRP collateral attack on Hacheney’s conviction.

A. Standard of Review

¶17 A petitioner may request relief through a PRP when he is under unlawful restraint. RAP 16.4(a)-(c). In order to prevail on a PRP, the petitioner must show that there was a “constitutional error that resulted in actual and *12substantial prejudice to the petitioner or that there was a nonconstitutional error that resulted in a fundamental defect which inherently results in a complete miscarriage of justice.” In re Pers. Restraint of Woods, 154 Wn.2d 400, 409, 114 P.3d 607 (2005). The petitioner must show by a preponderance of the evidence that the error was prejudicial. In re Pers. Restraint of Lord, 152 Wn.2d 182, 188, 94 P.3d 952 (2004).

B. Intervening Change in Law

¶18 Kitsap County medical examiner Lacsina requested the toxicology report after autopsy results made him “suspicious” that Dawn may have been dead before a fire consumed the Hacheneys’ home. RP at 943. Weiss was not available to testify about her laboratory tests and the results because she had died before trial. Thus, Drs. Lacsina, Selove, and Logan testified at trial, relying in part on Weiss’s report. Hacheney appeals the admission of Weiss’s report and the testimony relying on it, arguing that his confrontation rights were denied due to his inability to cross-examine the laboratory technician responsible for the reports relied upon that suggest that Dawn was dead before the fire in the bedroom started.

¶19 We previously rejected Hacheney’s confrontation clause challenge in his direct appeal to the admission of Weiss’s toxicology report at trial. Hacheney I, 2005 WL 1847160, at *9-10, 2005 Wash. App. LEXIS 1940, at *31-35. Hacheney now argues that the United States Supreme Court’s subsequent decisions in Bullcoming and Melendez-Diaz warrant reversal of his convictions and remand for a new trial. But Bullcoming and Melendez-Diaz were direct appeals.

¶20 In contrast, a PRP is a collateral attack on a judgment. RCW 10.73.090(2). A collateral attack may not renew an issue “raised and rejected on direct appeal unless the interests of justice require relitigation of that issue.” In re Pers. Restraint of Davis, 152 Wn.2d 647, 671, 101 P.3d 1 *13(2004) (footnotes omitted). Reexamination of an issue serves the interests of justice if there was “an intervening change in law or some other justification for having failed to raise a crucial point or argument in the prior application.” Davis, 152 Wn.2d at 671 n.15.

¶21 The United States Supreme Court characterized Melendez-Diaz as a “rather straightforward application of [its] holding in Crawford [c. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 124 S. Ct. 1354, 158 L. Ed. 2d 177 (2004)].” Melendez-Diaz, 557 U.S. at 312. But our Supreme Court has stated that despite the United States Supreme Court’s characterization of its own cases, those cases may still constitute a change to settled interpretations of the law in Washington. State v. Robinson, 171 Wn.2d 292, 301-03, 253 P.3d 84 (2011).

¶22 Indeed, one panel of Division One of this court has recognized Melendez-Diaz as superseding our Supreme Court’s decisions in State v. Kirkpatrick, 160 Wn.2d 873, 161 P.3d 990 (2007) and State v. Kronich, 160 Wn.2d 893, 161 P.3d 982 (2007) on the issue of whether public or business records may nonetheless contain testimonial statements. State v. Jasper, 158 Wn. App. 518, 529-30, 532 n.6, 245 P.3d 228 (2010), aff’d, 174 Wn.2d 96, 271 P.3d 876 (2012). Our Supreme Court confirmed this observation and, based on Bullcoming and Melendez-Diaz, overruled its opinions in Kirkpatrick and Kronich on this issue. Jasper, 174 Wn.2d at 116. Further, another Division One panel observed that it is unclear whether Bullcoming, Melendez-Diaz, and Michigan v. Bryant, _U.S._, 131 S. Ct. 1143, 179 L. Ed. 2d 93 (2011) may signal a departure from Crawford,'s tenets. See State v. Dash, 163 Wn. App. 63, 72-74, 259 P.3d 319 (2011). We agree with our Supreme Court and Division One and hold, on this record, that Bullcoming and Melendez-Diaz constituted a change in Washington law regarding the characterization of out-of-court statements contained in Weiss’s report as testimonial. The issue in this PRP, then, is whether this change in law can be retroactively applied to grant Hacheney’s request for a new trial.

*14C. Retroactivity of Collateral Attacks

¶23 Washington courts attempt to maintain congruence with the United States Supreme Court in our retroactivity analysis. In re Pers. Restraint of Market, 154 Wn.2d 262, 268, 111 P.3d 249 (2005). Under our retroactivity analysis:

A new rule will not be given retroactive application to cases on collateral review except where either: (a) the new rule places certain kinds of primary, private individual conduct beyond the power of the state to proscribe, or (b) the rule requires the observance of procedures implicit in the concept of ordered liberty

In re Pers. Restraint of St. Pierre, 118 Wn.2d 321, 326, 823 P.2d 492 (1992).

¶24 A rule is “ ‘new’ ” under retroactivity analysis if it “ ‘breaks new ground’ ” or “ ‘was not dictated by precedent existing at the time the defendant’s conviction became final.’ ” Market, 154 Wn.2d at 270 (quoting Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288, 301, 109 S. Ct. 1060, 103 L. Ed. 2d 334 (1989) (plurality opinion)).

¶25 Under our retroactivity analysis, we will not retroactively apply a new rule of criminal procedure on collateral attack, subject to two exceptions: (1) the rule places “certain kinds of primary, private individual conduct beyond the State’s power to prohibit” or (2) the rule requires “observance of procedures that are implicit in the concept of ordered liberty.” In re Pers. Restraint of Rhome, 172 Wn.2d 654, 666, 260 P.3d 874 (2011). The first exception does not apply here, as neither Bullcoming nor Melendez-Diaz decriminalized the conduct for which Hacheney was punished. See Rhome, 172 Wn.2d at 666. Thus, we turn to the second exception.

¶26 The second retroactivity exception applies to only a “ ‘small set of watershed rules of criminal procedure implicating the fundamental fairness and accuracy of the *15criminal proceeding.’ ” Markel, 154 Wn.2d at 269 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Schriro v. Summerlin, 542 U.S. 348, 352, 124 S. Ct. 2519, 159 L. Ed. 2d 442 (2004)). “ ‘That a new procedural rule is fundamental in some abstract sense is not enough; the rule must be one without which the likelihood of an accurate conviction is seriously diminished.’ ” Rhome, 172 Wn.2d at 667 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Summerlin, 542 U.S. at 352). “ ‘[T]his class of rules is extremely narrow, and it is unlikely that any . . . ha[s] yet to emerge.’ ”10 Markel, 154 Wn.2d at 269 (alterations in original) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Summerlin, 542 U.S. at 352). It would appear that the “ ‘small set’ ” is, in fact, an empty set of rules that “ ‘implicate] the fundamental fairness and accuracy of. . . criminal proceeding [s]’ ” sufficiently to warrant retroactive application, and, thus, the second exception may better be called a barrier to retroactivity. Markel, 154 Wn.2d at 269-70 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Summerlin, 542 U.S. at 352).

¶27 In Markel, our Supreme Court considered whether the United States Supreme Court’s decision in Crawford, 541 U.S. at 68, holding “testimonial” hearsay inadmissible at trial unless the declarant is unavailable and the defendant had a prior opportunity to cross-examine the declarant, was retroactively applicable on collateral attack. 154 Wn.2d at 264-65. Our court first rejected the argument that Crawford did not constitute a “new” rule of criminal procedure to which retroactivity analysis applied, observing that Crawford broke from previous United States Supreme Court precedent. Markel, 154 Wn.2d at 270. It then reasoned that “Crawford is plainly seen as a new definition of the confrontation clause requirements, intended to more accurately reflect the constitutional framers’ intent” and, thus, “[c]riminal defendants who were denied Crawford’s procedural requirements by reason of timing were not dis*16possessed of all meaningful opportunity to challenge the admission of” testimony. Markel, 154 Wn.2d at 273. Accordingly, it rejected the argument that Crawford announced a “ ‘watershed rule[ ] of criminal procedure,’ ” “ ‘without which the likelihood of an accurate conviction is seriously diminished,’ ” that warranted retroactive application on collateral review. Markel, 154 Wn.2d at 273 (alteration in original) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Summerlin, 542 U.S. at 352).

¶28 Here, it seems axiomatic that by demonstrating a change in the law, Hacheney has demonstrated a “new” rule of criminal procedure for purposes of retroactivity analysis. Furthermore, Division One’s recent opinions establish that Melendez-Diaz has superseded two Washington State Supreme Court decisions and has called into question Crawford’s tenets. Dash, 163 Wn. App. at 72-74; Jasper, 158 Wn. App. at 529-30. Accordingly, we hold that Hacheney has demonstrated a “new” rule of criminal procedure for purposes of retroactivity analysis.

¶29 But under the Markel court’s reasoning, Bullcoming and Melendez-Diaz represent even less of a watershed moment in criminal procedure than did Crawford. Where Crawford completely redefined the confrontation clause’s requirements, Melendez-Diaz further explored the characteristics of testimonial statements under Crawford and, in turn, Bullcoming expanded upon Crawford’s and Melendez-Diaz’s rationales. Bullcoming, 131 S. Ct. at 2713-14, 2716-17; Melendez-Diaz, 557 U.S. at 310-11. Furthermore, in his direct appeal, Hacheney challenged the admissibility of Weiss’s report under previous confrontation clause jurisprudence, namely, Crawford. Hacheney I, 2005 WL 1847160, at *9-10, 2005 Wash. App. LEXIS 1940, at *34-35. Thus, the Market court’s rationales barring retroactive application of Crawford on collateral review apply with greater force to Crawford’s progeny, Bullcoming and Melendez-Diaz.

¶30 In sum, for us to reexamine Hacheney’s confrontation clause challenge on collateral review, Hacheney must *17demonstrate a change in law.11 We hold that Hacheney has demonstrated a change in law and a new rule of criminal procedure regarding the out-of-court statements in Weiss’s report. But that rule cannot be applied by us retroactively in this collateral attack on Hacheney’s conviction unless it constitutes a “ ‘watershed rule,’ ” a class of rules from which “ ‘it is unlikely that any . . . ha[s] yet to emerge.’ ” Markel, 154.Wn.2d at 269 (alterations in original) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Summerlin, 542 U.S. at 352). Thus, our corollary holding is that the “watershed ’rule” constitutes a barrier to collateral attack based on new rules of criminal procedure, including the right to subject Weiss, whose report the State used during Hacheney’s prosecution, to cross-examination. Markel, 154 Wn.2d at 269.

¶31 Therefore, Hacheney cannot show that the change in the law wrought by Bullcoming and Melendez-Diaz and the resulting criminal procedure rule support a legal finding that we now have a “watershed rule” that allows relief when collaterally attacking a conviction. And here, the admission of Weiss’s report and the reliance placed on it by the testifying doctors cannot be reviewed in Hacheney’s PRP and we deny Hacheney’s request for relief.

¶32 Moreover, were we to assume, without so deciding, that (1) Hacheney’s direct appeals were not final12 before the Supreme Court issued Melendez-Diaz and (2) the *18admission of the toxicology report violated the confrontation clause under Melendez-Diaz, the ultimate result does not change. We review confrontation clause errors for constitutional harmless error. Jasper, 174 Wn.2d at 117. Whether such an error is harmless depends on a number of factors, including whether the evidence was cumulative. Jasper, 174 Wn.2d at 117; see also State v. Todd, 78 Wn.2d 362, 372, 474 P.2d 542 (1970) (the admission of cumulative evidence is not prejudicial error); State v. Saunders, 132 Wn. App. 592, 604, 132 P.3d 743 (2006) (admission of “entirely cumulative” evidence was harmless violation of the confrontation clause). Here, the experts properly testified to the bases of their opinions, including the toxicology report’s contents. See State v. Lucas, 167 Wn. App. 100, 109-10, 271 P.3d 394 (2012). Accordingly, we hold that the report itself was merely cumulative and its admission at trial was harmless.

D. Status of Confrontation Clause Testimonial Analysis

¶33 We write further to address the general lack of clarity in current confrontation clause jurisprudence were we to consider Hacheney’s claim for relief under the confrontation clause in light of the emerging law on the issue. In Bryant, the United States Supreme Court considered whether statements given in response to police interrogation during an ongoing emergency were testimonial statements triggering the confrontation clause. 131 S. Ct. at 1166-67. In doing so, it applied the “primary purpose” test:

“Statements are nontestimonial when made in the course of police interrogation under circumstances objectively indicating that the primary purpose of the interrogation is to enable police assistance to meet an ongoing emergency. They are testimonial when the circumstances objectively indicate that there is no such ongoing emergency, and that the primary purpose of the interrogation is to establish or prove past events potentially relevant to later criminal prosecution.”

*19Bryant, 131 S. Ct. at 1154, 1156 (quoting Davis v. Washington, 547 U.S. 813, 822, 126 S. Ct. 2266, 165 L. Ed. 2d 224 (2006)).

¶34 In his dissent, Justice Scalia sharply criticized the Bryant majority’s “ ‘amorphous, if not entirely subjective’ ” application of the test:

Where the prosecution cries “emergency,” the admissibility of a statement now turns on “a highly context-dependent inquiry [ ]” into the type of weapon the defendant wielded; the type of crime the defendant committed; the medical condition of the declarant; if the declarant is injured, whether paramedics have arrived on the scene; whether the encounter takes place in an “exposed public area”; whether the encounter appears disorganized; whether the declarant is capable of forming a purpose; whether the police have secured the scene of the crime; the formality of the statement; and finally, whether the statement strikes us as reliable. This is no better than the nine-factor balancing test we rejected in Crawford, 541 U.S., at 63, 124 S.Ct. 1354. I do not look forward to resolving conflicts in the future over whether knives and poison are more like guns or fists for [c]onfrontation [c] lause purposes, or whether rape and armed robbery are more like murder or domestic violence.

Bryant, 131 S. Ct. at 1175-76 (Scalia, J., dissenting) (citations omitted) (quoting Crawford, 541 U.S. at 63). But he then acknowledged, “It can be said, of course, that under Crawford analysis of whether a statement is testimonial requires consideration of all the circumstances, and so is also something of a multifactor balancing test." Bryant, 131 S. Ct. at 1176 (Scalia, J., dissenting).

¶35 We write out of concern that the Crawford test is, at a minimum, “something of a multifactor balancing test” and, at most, an “ ‘amorphous, if not entirely subjective’ ” test when applied to autopsy reports and derivative forensic reports offered as evidence in criminal trials. Bryant, 131 S. Ct. at 1175-76 (Scalia, J., dissenting) (quoting Crawford, 541 U.S. at 63). In Crawford, the Supreme Court articulated three formulations of the “core class” of testimonial statements but did not endorse a “comprehensive” definition:

*20Various formulations of this core class of “testimonial” statements exist: “ex parte in-court testimony or its functional equivalent — that is, material such as affidavits, custodial examinations, prior testimony that the defendant was unable to cross-examine, or similar pretrial statements that declarants would reasonably expect to be used prosecutorially”; “extrajudicial statements . . . contained in formalized testimonial materials, such as affidavits, depositions, prior testimony, or confessions,” [and] “statements that were made under circumstances which would lead an objective witness reasonably to believe that the statement would be available for use at a later trial.”

541 U.S. at 51-52, 68 (first alteration in original) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting White v. Illinois, 502 U.S. 346, 365, 112 S. Ct. 736, 116 L. Ed. 2d 848 (1992)). These formulations are more easily applied to forensic reports in cases such as Bullcoming and Melendez-Diaz, where the reports were analogous to affidavits, than to Weiss’s forensic report. 131 S. Ct. at 2717; 557 U.S. at 310-11.

¶36 Weiss’s forensic report does not resemble the reports in Bullcoming and Melendez-Diaz. Accordingly, were we to reach the merits of Hacheney’s claim, we would necessarily apply Crawford’s other formulations, i.e., whether the challenged statements “were made under circumstances which would lead an objective witness reasonably to believe that the statement [s] would be available for use at a later trial,” an amorphous and, we suggest, problematic subjective, analytic framework. 541 U.S. at 52.

¶37 Hacheney’s claim is that Weiss’s forensic laboratory report, requested by Kitsap County medical examiner Lacsina, detailing the results of toxicology tests performed by Weiss on blood and tissue samples from Dawn’s body, contained testimonial statements that should have been subjected to cross-examination. To evaluate this claim under Crawford’s subjective analytic framework, we would likely have to consider many factors, including (1) law enforcement’s involvement, if any, in the investigation of Dawn’s *21death; (2) the nature of law enforcement’s involvement; (3) the facts resulting from that investigation; (4) the nature and purpose of the medical examiner’s investigation into her death; (5) facts, if any, made available to the medical examiner by law enforcement in the course of the medical examiner’s investigation; (6) questions arising from the medical examiner’s investigation; (7) the nature and purpose of Weiss’s toxicology testing in general, e.g., whether it was normally requested by law enforcement or another state actor and whether the testing was performed pursuant to a statutory duty, as part of a criminal investigation, or both; (8) issues or facts, if any, made available to Weiss by the medical examiner; (9) the results of Weiss’s tests; and (10) whether an objective witness in Weiss’s position would reasonably believe that her forensic laboratory report would be available for use at a later trial. See 541 U.S. at 52; see also People v. Dendel, 289 Mich. App. 445, 458-68, 797 N.W.2d 645 (2010) (discussing numerous confrontation clause cases involving forensic reports and holding that statements in analyst’s report of glucose tests requested by medical examiner were testimonial); Cuesta-Rodriguez v. State, 2010 OK CR 23, ¶ 28-35, 241 P.3d 214, cert. denied, 132 S. Ct. 259 (2011) (discussing numerous cases and holding statements in autopsy report were testimonial).

¶38 Under Crawford’s analysis, our legal inquiry begins to resemble the old-fashioned game of “telephone,” as we must attempt to reconstruct the investigation, chain of custody, and sequence of testing from beginning to end, asking who knew what and when. We would suggest that courts should not be forced to allow a defendant’s constitutional right to confront witnesses to be determined by something resembling a game, especially in the context of scientific forensic evidence.

¶39 In Melendez-Diaz, the State of Massachusetts argued that the reliability of “ ‘neutral, scientific testing’ ” might warrant an exception from the confrontation clause’s requirements. 557 U.S. at 317 (quoting Melendez-Diaz Br. *22of Resp’t at 29). The Supreme Court rejected this argument, observing that it is not evident that scientific testing is as neutral or as reliable as the State claimed and illustrating how cross-examination of analysts serves to weed out fraudulent or erroneous analysis. Melendez-Diaz, 557 U.S. at 318-21. Given a not uncommon perception of scientific evidence as neutral, reliable, and possibly nigh-infallible, perhaps a more stringent confrontation clause analysis is required for forensic analyses performed at state crime laboratories.

¶40 Furthermore, it may be true that Washington medical examiners perform autopsies and that toxicologists perform requested derivative tests pursuant to their duties under state law. But due to the nature of their duties, i.e., investigating the cause and manner of an individual’s death, every autopsy and derivative test has “the potential to lead to criminal prosecution.” State v. Hopkins, 137 Wn. App. 441, 456, 154 P.3d 250 (2007). And, as in this case, a medical examiner’s “investigatory role overlap [s] with and aid[s] law enforcement.” Hopkins, 137 Wn. App. at 457.

¶41 Here also, we have Hacheney’s evidence of problems within the WSP Crime Laboratory, issues that may form the core of cross-examination of a forensic scientist whose report is relied upon by the State. In this instance and others, accordingly, it would seem that an objective witness in the position of a medical examiner investigating a death or an analyst performing tests at the examiner’s request would reasonably believe that their statements would be available for use at a later trial, thus satisfying the Crawford formulations, even within their limitations. 541 U.S. at 51-52.

¶42 As the Supreme Court stated in Crawford, “By replacing categorical constitutional guarantees with open-ended balancing tests, we do violence to [the framers’] design. Vague standards are manipulable.” 541 U.S. at *2367-68. We suggest that perhaps the better rule would be to subject the authors of any autopsy report or derivative report to confrontation clause requirements for testimonial statements.13 Such a categorical rule would serve as a bulwark against the “unpardonable vice” of amorphous, multifactor tests with the “demonstrated capacity to admit core testimonial statements that the Confrontation [c]lause plainly meant to exclude.” Crawford, 541 U.S. at 63.

¶43 A majority of the panel having determined that only the foregoing portion of this opinion will be printed in the Washington Appellate Reports and that the remainder shall be filed for public record in accordance with RCW 2.06.040, it is so ordered.