¶1 William Reis was charged with manufacturing a controlled substance in violation of the Uniform Controlled Substances Act, chapter 69.50 RCW, after a search of his residence pursuant to a warrant revealed evidence of a marijuana growing operation. The trial court denied his motion to suppress the evidence. The issue on discretionary review is whether, following the 2011 amendments to the Washington State Medical Use of Cannabis Act (Act or MUCA), chapter 69.51A RCW, a search warrant must be based on probable cause of a violation of medical marijuana laws.1 We conclude that “qualifying patients” and “designated providers” under the Act are able to assert only an affirmative defense at trial to a charge of a violation of marijuana laws. The search warrant here was supported by probable cause where it was based on evidence of a marijuana growing operation. We affirm.

FACTS

¶2 On May 15, 2012, King County Sheriff’s Detective Thomas Calabrese sought a search warrant for William Reis’s residence in Burien. Calabrese’s affidavit contained the following information: After receiving an anonymous tip that a person named “William” was growing marijuana in the Shorewood area of Burien, Calabrese drove through Shorewood and observed marijuana plants on the back deck of Reis’s home. He saw a man transferring the plants from smaller pots to larger ones. From the vantage point of a neighboring property, Calabrese saw black plastic covering one of the basement windows of Reis’s home and condensa*441tion on that window, which was slightly open. He heard a distinct humming sound coming from the northwest side of the home. Based on his training and experience, Calabrese concluded that these were indications marijuana was being grown indoors. He ran the license plate of the car in the home’s driveway and learned it was registered to William Reis. He learned that Reis had been arrested in 2005 and been charged with violation of the Uniform Controlled Substances Act (VUCSA) and violation of the Uniform Firearms Act after a search of the same house revealed a marijuana growing operation in the basement. He also learned that Reis was found in possession of 1.3 grams of marijuana during a 2011 traffic stop. A booking photo of Reis matched the appearance of the man Calabrese had seen tending to the marijuana plants on the deck. Calabrese then attempted to contact Reis’s neighbors to inquire about unusual short traffic stays or circumstances around the home that would indicate a drug-dealing operation. The neighbors refused to speak to Calabrese, other than to state that they were fearful of Reis. On a later date, Calabrese drove by Reis’s home and again saw marijuana plants on the back deck.

¶3 The district court concluded there was probable cause to believe a violation of the Uniform Controlled Substances Act, chapter 69.50 RCW, had been committed and issued a search warrant. The search warrant was served on May 21, 2012. Officers seized 6 mature cannabis plants from Reis’s back deck. From inside the home, they seized 31 juvenile cannabis plants and roughly 13 pounds of cannabis. Officers also found a digital scale, high-intensity grow lights, a ledger, receipts for marijuana sales, and a bill of sale from “Chronic LLC.” Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 4-5, 33.

¶4 Reis was charged with a VUCSA, manufacturing of marijuana, during a period of time intervening between *442April 29, 2012 and May 21, 2012.2 Reis moved to suppress the evidence found in his home, arguing that the search warrant was not supported by probable cause. The trial court denied his motion.3 Reis sought discretionary review, which this court granted.4

DISCUSSION

¶5 This court reviews conclusions of law in an order pertaining to suppression of evidence de novo. State v. Mendez, 137 Wn.2d 208, 214, 970 P.2d 722 (1999), overruled on other grounds by Brendlin v. California, 551 U.S. 249, 127 S. Ct. 2400, 168 L. Ed. 2d 132 (2007).

¶6 A search warrant may be issued only upon a determination of probable cause. State v. Cole, 128 Wn.2d 262, 286, 906 P.2d 925 (1995). Probable cause requires “ Tacts and circumstances sufficient to establish a reasonable inference that the defendant is probably involved in criminal activity and that evidence of the crime can be found at the place to be searched.’ ” State v. Shupe, 172 Wn. App. 341, 348, 289 P.3d 741 (2012) (quoting State v. Thein, 138 Wn.2d 133, 140, 977 P.2d 582 (1999)), review denied, 177 Wn.2d 1010, 302 P.3d 180 (2013). In reviewing the issuance of a search warrant, the court is limited to the information contained within the affidavit supporting probable cause. State v. Neth, 165 Wn.2d 177, 182, 196 P.3d 658 (2008).

*443¶7 Whether the search warrant in this case was supported by probable cause involves the interpretation of RCW 69.51A.040. This court’s purpose when interpreting a statute is to enforce the intent of the legislature. Rental Hous. Ass’n of Puget Sound v. City of Des Moines, 165 Wn.2d 525, 536, 199 P.3d 393 (2009). If the plain language of the statute is unambiguous, this court’s inquiry ends and the statute is enforced “in accordance with its plain meaning.” State v. Armendariz, 160 Wn.2d 106, 110, 156 P.3d 201 (2007). Under the “plain meaning rule,” this court examines the statutory scheme as a whole, considering the language of the statute, related statutes, and other provisions of the same act. City of Seattle v. Allison, 148 Wn.2d 75, 81, 59 P.3d 85 (2002). This court attempts to interpret statutes to give effect to all language in the statute and to render no portion meaningless or superfluous. State v. J.P., 149 Wn.2d 444, 450, 69 P.3d 318 (2003). If the statute is subject to more than one reasonable interpretation, it is ambiguous, and the court may resort to aids of statutory construction, including examining legislative history. State v. Slattum, 173 Wn. App. 640, 649, 295 P.3d 788, review denied, 178 Wn.2d 1010, 308 P.3d 643 (2013).

¶8 Initially, a brief discussion of relevant Washington marijuana laws is useful. Following the state legislature’s 1971 passage of the Uniform Controlled Substances Act, codified as chapter 69.50 RCW, marijuana has been a Schedule I controlled substance. RCW 69.50.204(c)(22).The possession, manufacture, and delivery of marijuana is generally prohibited under Washington law.5 See RCW 69.50-.401-.445 (establishing offenses and penalties). In 1998, however, Washington citizens enacted Initiative 692, codi*444fied as chapter 69.51A RCW.6 The purpose of the MUCA was to allow certain individuals suffering from terminal or debilitating medical conditions to use marijuana medicinally. RCW 69.51A.005. The MUCA provided patients and caregivers who met certain requirements an affirmative defense:

If charged with a violation of state law relating to marijuana, any qualifying patient who is engaged in the medical use of marijuana, or any designated primary caregiver who assists a qualifying patient in the medical use of marijuana, will be deemed to have established an affirmative defense to such charges by proof of his or her compliance with the requirements provided in this chapter. Any person meeting the requirements appropriate to his or her status under this chapter shall be considered to have engaged in activities permitted by this chapter and shall not be penalized in any manner, or denied any right or privilege, for such actions.

Former RCW 69.51A.040(1) (1999). The statute was amended in 2007 but continued to provide for an affirmative defense to qualifying patients or designated providers charged with a violation of state laws relating to marijuana. Laws of 2007, ch. 371, § 5; former RCW 69.51A.040(2) (2010).

¶9 In State v. Fry, 168 Wn.2d 1, 5, 228 P.3d 1 (2010), the Washington Supreme Court considered whether a search warrant was supported by probable cause where police officers were informed that marijuana was being grown at a certain residence and smelled marijuana upon arrival but the defendant, Fry, presented a purported medical authorization form for marijuana. Fry argued that probable cause to search was negated when he produced the authorization. Id. at 3-4, 6. A plurality of the Court,7 observing that RCW 69.51 A.040 established an affirmative defense against marijuana charges, concluded that the presentment of a *445person’s purported authorization for medical marijuana was a requirement for the affirmative defense but nonetheless did not negate probable cause for a search.8 Id. at 7-10. The plurality explained:

As an affirmative defense, the [medical marijuana] defense does not eliminate probable cause where a trained officer detects the odor of marijuana. A doctor’s authorization does not indicate that the presenter is totally complying with the Act: e.g., the amounts may be excessive. An affirmative defense does not per se legalize an activity and does not negate probable cause that a crime has been committed.

Id. at 10.

¶10 In 2011, the legislature made amendments to the MUCA. Laws of 2011, ch. 181. The legislature’s intent, in part, was to protect qualifying patients from arrest, prosecution, criminal sanctions, and civil consequences based solely on their medical use of marijuana and to protect designated providers from the same consequences based solely on their assistance with the medical use of marijuana. Laws of 2011, ch. 181, § 102, codified as RCW 69-.51A.005(2). Following the amendments, RCW 69.51A.040 now provides:

The medical use of cannabis in accordance with the terms and conditions of this chapter does not constitute a crime and a qualifying patient or designated provider in compliance with the terms and conditions of this chapter may not be arrested, prosecuted, or subject to other criminal sanctions or civil consequences, for possession, manufacture, or delivery of, or for possession with intent to manufacture or deliver, cannabis under state law, or have real or personal property seized or forfeited for possession, manufacture, or delivery of, or for possession with intent to manufacture or deliver, cannabis under state law, and investigating peace officers and law *446enforcement agencies may not be held civilly liable for failure to seize cannabis in this circumstance, if:

(l)(a) The qualifying patient or designated provider possesses no more than fifteen cannabis plants and:

(1) No more than twenty-four ounces of useable cannabis;

(ii) No more cannabis product than what could reasonably be produced with no more than twenty-four ounces of useable cannabis; or

(iii) A combination of useable cannabis and cannabis product that does not exceed a combined total representing possession and processing of no more than twenty-four ounces of useable cannabis.

(b) If a person is both a qualifying patient and a designated provider for another qualifying patient, the person may possess no more than twice the amounts described in (a) of this subsection, whether the plants, useable cannabis, and cannabis product are possessed individually or in combination between the qualifying patient and his or her designated provider;

(2) The qualifying patient or designated provider presents his or her proof of registration with the department of health, to any peace officer who questions the patient or provider regarding his or her medical use of cannabis;

(3) The qualifying patient or designated provider keeps a copy of his or her proof of registration with the registry established in *section 901[9] of this act and the qualifying patient or designated provider’s contact information posted prominently next to any cannabis plants, cannabis products, or useable cannabis located at his or her residence;

(4) The investigating peace officer does not possess evidence that:

(a) The designated provider has converted cannabis produced or obtained for the qualifying patient for his or her own personal use or benefit; or

(b) The qualifying patient has converted cannabis produced or obtained for his or her own medical use to the qualifying patient’s personal, nonmedical use or benefit;

*447(5) The investigating peace officer does not possess evidence that the designated provider has served as a designated provider to more than one qualifying patient within a fifteen-day period; and

(6) The investigating peace officer has not observed evidence of any of the circumstances identified in *section 901(4) of this act.

RCW 69.51 A.040 thus provides protection against arrest, prosecution, criminal sanctions, and civil consequences for qualifying patients10 and designated providers* 11 who, among other things, register with the department of health.12 In contrast, qualifying patients and designated providers who do not register but otherwise meet the requirements of RCW 69.51 A.040 and other specified requirements may, as before the 2011 amendments, assert an affirmative defense at trial. RCW 69.51A.043.

*448¶11 Reis argues that the plain language of RCW 69.51A-.040, following the 2011 amendments, made the use and cultivation of medical marijuana presumptively legal in certain circumstances. He contends that Fry no longer applies and that law enforcement must demonstrate probable cause of a violation of the Act to obtain a search warrant. The State’s response is twofold. First it argues that the heightened protections in RCW 69.51 A.040 against arrest, prosecution, criminal sanctions, and civil consequences apply only to those qualifying patients and designated providers who are included in a registry. Second, it contends that because the registry was never established (due to the governor’s veto of the sections of chapter 181 that would have established a registry for qualifying patients and designated providers), nobody can meet the requirements of the statute. Thus, the State argues, a defendant who is in compliance with the MUCA, as written subsequent to the governor’s veto, may only assert an affirmative defense to an alleged violation of Washington state marijuana laws. We agree with the State.

¶12 The plain language of RCW 69.51A.040 provides that “[t]he medical use of cannabis in accordance with the terms and conditions of this chapter does not constitute a crime and a qualifying patient or designated provider in compliance with the terms and conditions of this chapter may not be arrested, prosecuted, or subject to other criminal sanctions or civil consequences” if certain specified requirements are met. (Emphasis added.) But several of the “terms and conditions” of the statute, insofar as an individual asserts that he or she did not commit a crime and seeks the protections against arrest, prosecution, criminal sanctions, and civil consequences, cannot be met. Subsections (2), (3), and (6) set forth requirements relating to registration with the Department of Health or section 901. As the code reviser’s note to RCW 69.51 A.040 explains, *449section 901 was vetoed by the governor.13 Section 901 would have required the department of health to adopt, by January 1, 2013, rules for the establishment of a registration system. Section 901 also would have, with certain exceptions, required law enforcement investigating a marijuana-related incident to make reasonable efforts to determine whether the location or person under investigation was registered before seeking a nonvehicle search warrant or arrest warrant. Laws of 2011, ch. 181, § 901(4) (vetoed). Because there was no registry established, it is impossible for anyone to be registered or for police to check the registry before seeking a search warrant. Thus, by default, qualifying patients and designated providers are entitled only to an affirmative defense.

¶13 Reis contends that because section 901 was vetoed by the governor, the MUCA must be read as though section 901 and any provision referencing the registry was never considered by the legislature. He cites Shelton Hotel Co. v. Bates, 4 Wn.2d 498, 104 P.2d 478 (1940) and Hallin v. Trent, 94 Wn.2d 671, 619 P.2d 357 (1980). Those cases support the proposition that when the governor acts on a bill voted on *450by both houses of the legislature, he or she acts in a legislative capacity and the intent of the legislature cannot be considered apart from the governor’s intent. Shelton Hotel, 4 Wn.2d at 506; Hallin, 94 Wn.2d at 677. Furthermore, “[t]he Governor’s veto of a portion of a measure, if the veto is not overridden, removes the vetoed material from the legislation as effectively as though it had never been considered by the legislature.” Hallin, 94 Wn.2d at 677; see also Shelton Hotel, 4 Wn.2d at 506 (“ ‘In exercising the veto power, the governor acts as a part of the legislative bodies, and the act is to be considered now just as it would have been if the vetoed provisions had never been written into the bill at any stage of the proceedings.’ ” (quoting State ex rel. Stiner v. Yelle, 174 Wash. 402, 408, 25 P.2d 91 (1933))).

¶14 Thus, under Hallin and Shelton Hotel, the MUCA must be read without the sections that were actually vetoed by the governor. Here, the governor vetoed section 901 but not section 401, which amended RCW 69.51 A.040.14 Quoting Washington Federation of State Employees, AFL-CIO, Council 8, AFSCME v. State, 101 Wn.2d 536, 682 P.2d 869 (1984), Reis contends, nevertheless, that any references to section 901 or registration/the registry that remain in section 401/RCW 69.51A.040 are “incidentally vetoed” and “manifestly obsolete” after the Governor’s veto. Thus, he contends, subsections (2) and (6) and part of subsection (3) (through the words “section 901 of this act”) of RCW 69-.51A.040 were effectively removed from the statute as “terms and conditions” of lawful use for qualifying patients and designated providers. Similarly, Reis contends that following the governor’s veto of section 901, the affirmative defense established in RCW 69.51A.043 for those who fail to register is removed as though it had never been considered by the legislature. Thus, he contends, the 2011 amendments *451to the MUCA made medical marijuana use presumptively legal for all qualifying patients and designated providers who met the remaining terms and conditions set forth in RCW 69.51A.040.

¶15 We reject these arguments. Washington Federation does not support the proposition that subsections (2) and (6) and part of subsection (3) must be read out of the statute and not considered “terms and conditions.” In Washington Federation, the state legislature amended state civil service laws to permit performance to be considered in matters of compensation, reduction in force, and reemployment. Id. at 537. The governor approved the bill, Substitute H.B. 1226, 47th Leg., 1st Ex. Sess. (1982), but vetoed section 30 and all references thereto. Section 30 would have called for legislative review and approval of the proposed administrative rules for implementing the act, and the legislature’s failure to approve the rules would have voided several sections of the act. 101 Wn.2d at 538. The governor found that implementation of section 30 would have created too much uncertainty as to the effectiveness of the law. Id. A union brought suit against the State and governor, among others, challenging certain sections of the law and the validity of the governor’s veto of section 30. Id. at 539. The union argued that the governor’s veto was invalid, in relevant part, because it was prohibited under Const, art. Ill, § 12 (amend. 62) as an item veto.15 Id. at 543. The Washington Supreme Court rejected the union’s argument:

The veto of Governor Spellman was of an entire section and was valid. The deleted references to section 30 were incidentally vetoed purely as a ministerial act. If not deleted, the code reviser, pursuant to RCW 1.08.015(2)(m), would have taken out such “manifestly obsolete” references.

*452Id. at 544. RCW 1.08.015(2) provides that the code reviser shall edit and revise laws enacted by the legislature, “to the extent deemed necessary or desirable by the reviser and without changing the meaning of any such law, in the following respects only:... (m) Strike provisions manifestly obsolete.”

¶16 In Washington Federation, section 30 was vetoed, and the references to section 30 could be removed from the other parts of the legislation without changing the meaning of the sections of the legislation not vetoed. Here, the registration requirements under RCW 69.51A.040 are substantive requirements under the legislation passed, particularly when read in conjunction with the affirmative defense under RCW 69.51A.043, which is available for those who do not register. A material distinction between the two categories of individuals under RCW 69.51 A.040 and RCW 69.51 A.043 is the fact of registration. The registration requirements are not merely “manifestly obsolete” references to a vetoed section that have no practical effect on the intended functioning of the statute. Washington Federation is distinguishable.

¶17 We disagree that the governor’s veto eliminated the affirmative defense. Such an interpretation is at odds with the plain language of the statute as amended by the legislation.16 The statute provides different protections for qualifying patients and designated providers who register and those who do not register. Under RCW 69.51A.043, qualifying patients and designated providers who are not registered but meet other requirements may only assert an affirmative defense at trial. Reis’s interpretation would permit those who do not register to receive the same protection against arrest, prosecution, criminal sanctions, *453and civil consequences that the statute provides only for those who registered. Reis’s argument ignores the affirmative defense set forth in RCW 69.51A.043 because, if medical marijuana use is presumed legal, there would be no need for an affirmative defense. An affirmative defense admits the defendant committed a criminal act but pleads an excuse for doing so. Fry, 168 Wn.2d at 7 (citing State v. Votava, 149 Wn.2d 178, 187-88, 66 P.3d 1050 (2003)).

¶18 Reis also cites a recent Washington Supreme Court case, State v. Kurtz, 178 Wn.2d 466, 309 P.3d 472 (2013), to support his contention that the Act legalizes medical cannabis possession. In Kurtz, the court stated that “in 2011 the legislature amended the Act making qualifying marijuana use a legal use, not simply an affirmative defense.” Id. at 476. But the issue in Kurtz was whether the former Act superseded the common law medical necessity defense for marijuana. The court held that it did not. Id. at 479. Kurtz cannot be read to stand for the proposition that the amendments decriminalized marijuana use for defendants who were unregistered and therefore not qualified marijuana users.

¶19 Reis argues that if there is any ambiguity in the statute, the rule of lenity requires this court to construe the statute strictly against the State and in his favor. The rule of lenity requires that where two possible constructions of a statute are permissible, the statute must be strictly construed against the State and in favor of the accused. State v. Gore, 101 Wn.2d 481, 485-86, 681 P.2d 227 (1984). But RCW 69.51 A.040 is not ambiguous; it plainly sets forth certain requirements that cannot be met by anyone until and unless the Act is amended to provide for a registry. The rule of lenity does not apply.

¶20 In sum, while the legislative intent of the 2011 amendments, as codified in RCW 69.51A.010(2), was that qualifying patients and designated providers shall not be arrested, prosecuted, or subject to other criminal sanctions or civil consequences based solely on their use of or *454assistance with medical cannabis, RCW 69.51A.040 cannot currently be enforced to the extent an individual asserts medical marijuana use “in accordance with the terms and conditions of this chapter.” The protections against arrest, prosecution, criminal sanctions, and civil consequences would apply only to qualifying patients and designated providers who are registered. Currently no one can register. Thus, qualifying patients and designated providers are left to assert an affirmative defense. It is undisputed that, under Fry, the possible existence of an affirmative defense does not negate probable cause.17 The trial court did not err in denying Reis’s motion to suppress.18

¶21 Affirmed.

Review granted at 181 Wn.2d 1022 (2014).