Tinner v. San Juan County

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON AT SEATTLE 10 GERALD TINNER, CASE NO. C19-925 MJP 11 Plaintiff, ORDER 1. MOTION TO 12 v. SUPPLEMENT RECORD 2. DEFENDANTS’ MOTION 13 SAN JUAN COUNTY, et al., FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT 14 Defendants.

16 The above-entitled Court, having received and reviewed: 17 1. Defendants Krebs and San Juan County’s Motion for Summary Judgment (Dkt. No. 18 27), Plaintiff’s Consolidated Response (Dkt. No. 40), Defendants Krebs and San Juan 19 County’s Reply to Plaintiff’s Response to Defendants’ Motion for Summary 20 Judgment (Dkt. No. 49); 21 2. Defendant Parker’s Motion and Memorandum of Authorities Supporting Summary 22 Judgment Dismissal (Dkt. No. 30), Defendant Parker’s Reply Brief Supporting 23 Summary Judgment Dismissal and Motion to Strike (Dkt. No. 51); 1 3. Plaintiff’s Motion to Supplement Record (Dkt. No. 66), Defendant Parker’s Response 2 (Dkt. No. 70), Defendants Krebs and San Juan County’s Response (Dkt. No. 74), and 3 Plaintiff’s Reply (Dkt. No. 75); all attached declarations and exhibits, relevant portions of the record, and having heard oral argument, rules as follows: 6 IT IS ORDERED that the motion to supplement the record is DENIED.

7 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the summary judgment motions are GRANTED; this matter is hereby DISMISSED with prejudice.

9 Background 10 While what actually transpired between Plaintiff Gerald Tinner, Natalia Garcia, and Defendant Stephen Parker will likely forever remain a mystery to the public at large, the facts as they are relevant to the disposition of this case are essentially undisputed: 13 Plaintiff, a teacher at Orcas Island High School, was charged with violations of RCW 9A.44.093, two felony counts of sexual misconduct with a minor related to allegations brought by his then 19-year-old student teaching assistant (Natalia Garcia; hereinafter, “Ms. Garcia”).

16 Dkt. No. 28, Decl. of Cooley, Ex. A. The crime is a statutory sexual offense; i.e., consent or lack thereof is not an element of the crime. The investigating officer was Defendant Stephen Parker, at the time a San Juan County Sheriff’s Deputy. Dkt. No. 3, Amended Complaint, ¶ 3.10.

19 At trial, the primary evidence against Plaintiff consisted of the testimony of Ms. Garcia and two pieces of physical evidence – a pair of Ms. Garcia’s underwear and a tissue with which Ms. Garcia claimed to have wiped herself after a sexual encounter with Plaintiff. DNA and sperm from both items of evidence were tested by the Washington State Police Crime Lab and the results were a match to a sample of Plaintiff’s DNA collected and submitted by Defendant Parker. Dkt. No. 29, Decl. of Uhrich, Exs. A-D. In addition to Ms. Garcia, both Plaintiff and Defendant Parker testified and were cross-examined. The physical evidence cited supra was admitted without objection as to either chain of custody or admissibility. Decl. of Cooley, Testimony of Parker, Ex. H at 171, 176. The trial court granted the State’s motion in limine to exclude references to or questions regarding any sexual relationships of the victim with other people. Id., Ex. K, L. The jury found Plaintiff guilty on both counts. Id., Exs. J, M.

7 Following the trial but prior to sentencing, allegations surfaced from Ms. Garcia regarding a sexual relationship with Defendant Parker which had commenced within weeks of the beginning of the investigation and continued through the trial. Amended Complaint, ¶ 3.32.

10 Additionally, an employee of the county prosecutor’s office (Ms. Miller, the county’s Victim Service Advocate) advised that Parker had told her he believed that Ms. Garcia “set people up.”

12 Id. at ¶ 3.34. Defendant Parker has subsequently denied making any such statement or holding such opinion, and denied engaging in any sexual relationship with Ms. Garcia. Dkt. No. 31, Decl. of McMahon, Deposition of Parker, Ex. 1 at 47, 72. An internal investigation by the SJC Sheriff’s Department concluded that Parker had a sexual relationship with Ms. Garcia. Dkt. No. 41, Decl. of Power, Ex. D.

17 Following the revelations regarding Defendant Parker and Ms. Garcia, Plaintiff’s trial counsel moved for a new trial, citing not only the undisclosed relationship between Parker and Ms. Garcia and the undisclosed statement regarding a “set-up,” but also a list of other information not provided to Plaintiff’s criminal counsel prior to trial. The motion was granted on Brady grounds (based on two undisclosed pieces of evidence: the “set-up” comment and the fact that Ms. Garcia had vacillated about whether she would testify against Plaintiff), the conviction was vacated, and a new trial ordered. Decl. of Power, Ex. A, Transcript of June 15, 2016 San Juan County Superior Court hearing. The State initially appealed the grant of a new trial, but later withdrew the appeal. After the appeal was remanded to Superior Court, the trial judge dismissed the charges against Plaintiff completely, insulating him from further criminal prosecution. Amended Complaint, ¶ 3.53. Defendant Parker resigned from the SJC Sheriff’s Department and left the area.

6 In June of 2019, Plaintiff initiated this lawsuit against Parker, San Juan County Sheriff Krebs, and San Juan County itself. Dkt. No. 3, Amended Complaint. The complaint alleged causes of action for: 9 1. Due process violations (a/k/a “Brady violations”) pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (all 10 Defendants) 11 2. Monell claim for violation of due process rights (Defendants SJC and Krebs) 12 3. Conspiracy claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Defendant Parker) 13 4. Negligence (all Defendants) 14 5. Outrage (all Defendants) Id., pp. 10-14.

16 Defendants have moved for summary judgment dismissing all claims. After the summary judgment motions came ripe, Plaintiff filed a motion to supplement the record.

18 Discussion Motion to Supplement the Record 20 Over three months after Defendants’ summary judgment motions came ripe, Plaintiff has filed a motion to supplement the record with deposition testimony from San Juan County’s Victim Service Advocate, Ms. Miller, and also from Ms. Garcia. Dkt. Nos. 66, 67.

1 The motion is without merit for two reasons. First, Plaintiff never filed a motion with this Court under FRCP 56(d), which is the proper vehicle for a party wishing to place responsive evidence not currently in its possession before the court. Plaintiff never claimed, prior to the filing of the motion to supplement the record, that the depositions of Ms. Miller and Ms. Garcia were necessary to present facts essential to opposing Defendants’ summary judgment motions.

6 Second, the means by which Plaintiff has chosen to attempt to present the additional evidence permits Defendants no opportunity to respond to the substance of the testimony, either with evidence of their own or with legal argument. The Court will not exercise its discretion to permit this subversion of the advocacy process.

10 The motion to supplement the record is DENIED.

11 Summary Judgment Motions Standard of review 13 “The court shall grant summary judgment if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). The moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law when the nonmoving party fails to make a sufficient showing on an essential element of a claim in the case on which the nonmoving party has the burden of proof. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1985).

19 There is no genuine issue of fact for trial where the record, taken as a whole, could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the nonmoving party. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586 (1986) (nonmoving party must present specific, significant probative evidence, not simply “some metaphysical doubt.”); Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e). Conversely, a genuine dispute over a material fact exists if there is sufficient evidence supporting the claimed factual dispute, requiring a judge or jury to resolve the differing versions of the truth. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 253 (1986); T.W. Elec. Service Inc. v. Pacific Electrical Contractors Association, 809 F.2d 626, 630 (9th Cir. 1987).

4 Defendant Parker 5 The Court has determined that this Defendant is entitled to invoke his right to qualified immunity as a means of avoiding the claims brought against him in this lawsuit.

7 The doctrine found its origins in the reluctance of courts to hold officials performing discretionary functions liable if it could not be said that their conduct violated “clearly established rights” which those officials reasonably should have been expected to know. Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818 (1992). The early test for determining qualified immunity involved a two-part inquiry: first, whether a showing of a constitutional rights violation had been made; and, second, “whether that right is clearly established.” Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 201 (2001). Later, the Supreme Court amended that procedure by making it discretionary whether to begin the inquiry with the first or second question. Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 15 223, 236-37 (2009).

16 The test has been further refined based on a formulation articulated by Justice Scalia in Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, 563 U.S. 731, 740 (2011). Quoting a portion of an earlier case, Justice Scalia wrote: 19 A Government official's conduct violates clearly established law when, at the time of the challenged conduct, “[t]he contours of [a] right [are] 20 sufficiently clear” that every “reasonable official would [have understood] that what he is doing violates that right.” Anderson v. Creighton, 483 U.S. 21 635, 640, 107 S. Ct. 3034, 97 L. Ed. 2d 523 (1987). We do not require a 22 case directly on point, but existing precedent must have placed the statutory or constitutional question beyond debate.

1 (emphasis supplied.) The Ninth Circuit has echoed this formulation of the qualified immunity analysis. Mattos v. Aragano, 661 F.3d 433, 442 (9th Cir. 2011)(“[W]e ask whether its contours were sufficiently clear that every ‘reasonable official’ would have understood that what he is doing violates that right.”).

5 It is in this light that the Court examines the actions of Defendant Parker and concludes that he is entitled to qualified immunity in this lawsuit. The Court’s analysis will answer both parts of “Brady inquiry:” whether the non-disclosure violated any constitutional rights, and whether the rights that Plaintiff alleges were violated were “clearly established” (i.e., would every police officer have understood that what this particular police officer is alleged to have done was a violation of Plaintiff’s constitutional rights?).

11 For purposes of this analysis, the Court, looking at the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-movant, will assume that Parker (1) had a sexual relationship with Ms. Garcia and (2) related to the county prosecutor’s victim advocate a belief that Ms. Garcia “set people up,” neither of which he disclosed to anyone in the prosecutor’s or Sheriff’s office nor to Plaintiff’s criminal defense attorney.

16 Plaintiff is attempting to vindicate his constitutional rights under principles enunciated in Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963)(“the suppression by the prosecution of evidence favorable to an accused upon request violates due process where the evidence is material either to guilt or to punishment, irrespective of the good faith or bad faith of the prosecution;” id. at 87). In the years since Brady, the reach of the rule has expanded considerably. Favorable evidence under Brady now extends beyond exculpatory evidence to impeachment evidence (Giglio v. United States, 405 U.S. 150, 154-55 (1972)), to evidence not specifically requested by the defense (U.S. v. Agurs, 427 U.S. 97, 110 (1976)), and to evidence in the possession of the police as well as the prosecution. Kyles v. Whitley, 514 U.S. 419, 437 (1995).

3 The current standard calls for proof by a criminal defendant of the following: 4 There are three components of a true Brady violation: The evidence at issue must be favorable to the accused, either because it is exculpatory, or 5 because it is impeaching; that evidence must have been suppressed by the State, either willfully or inadvertently; and prejudice must have ensued.

Strickler v. Greene, 527 U.S. 263, 281-82 (1999).

Despite the expanded scope of the rule in Brady, Plaintiff has failed to establish that any evidence which Defendant Parker did not disclose is either exculpatory or impeaching. In order to be exculpatory, it would had to have had some connection in logic and common sense to Plaintiff’s innocence of the crimes of which he was charged. Regarding the sexual relationship, Plaintiff has been unable to articulate a plausible connection between the existence of that relationship and his declaration of innocence.

The problem with Plaintiff’s entire “exculpatory theory” is that it relies (as it must, given the evidence adduced at his criminal trial) on the premise that the evidence against him (both Ms. Garcia’s testimony and the physical evidence of sexual activity) was fabricated. If Ms. Garcia was lying about having had sex with Plaintiff, the lie predates her meeting Defendant Parker by a matter of weeks; therefore the existence of a relationship between Ms. Garcia and Defendant Parker has no relevance as to that element of Plaintiff’s defense. That leaves the physical evidence – lab test results positively identifying as Plaintiff’s both DNA and sperm on underwear and a tissue, results which Plaintiff did not challenge at his criminal trial and has not come forward with contradictory proof regarding during the course of this lawsuit. In the absence of either evidence or even a plausible scenario concerning how Defendant Parker and Ms. Garcia could have fabricated that evidence, the fact that the two had a physical relationship has no tendency to exculpate Plaintiff and thus no “Brady value” in that regard.

3 Plaintiff cites an Eighth Circuit case which he contends is both analogous to his situation and favors a finding that he has a meritorious § 1983 claim against Defendant Parker. The Court disagrees on both points. The case is White v. McKinley, 605 F.3d 525 (8th Cir. 2010), and the appellate court in White affirmed the trial court’s denial of summary judgment and new trial motions by the defendant police officer, letting stand a verdict that the plaintiff’s due process rights had been violated by the officer’s suppression of exculpatory evidence and nondisclosure of his romantic relationship with the plaintiff’s ex-wife.

10 The facts of White are deceptively similar to this case, but distinguishable in two critically important ways. First, the romantic relationship between the police officer and the ex- wife predated the allegations against the plaintiff, thus lending increased credibility to the theory that the two had conspired against the plaintiff to manufacture the criminal charges (molestation of a girl who was the ex-wife’s biological child and the plaintiff’s stepdaughter) of which the plaintiff was eventually acquitted. Second, the physical evidence which the defendant police officer had failed to disclose was unquestionably exculpatory: diary entries by the alleged victim expressing her affection and admiration for her stepfather.

18 Plaintiff’s facts are materially different. The Parker-Garcia relationship commenced well after the accusations of wrongdoing had surfaced; there can be no assertion that the accusations originated as a result of that relationship. The suppressed evidence in White was incontrovertibly exculpatory; no undisclosed evidence in this case can be said to possess that quality.

1 Justice Scalia’s formulation of the test to determine whether every reasonable official should know that his/her actions were violating someone’s constitutional rights did not “require a case directly on point, but existing precedent must have placed the statutory or constitutional question beyond debate.” Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, 563 U.S. at 740. White (an Eighth Circuit case not binding in this locality and materially distinguishable on its facts) is not that case for this Plaintiff.

7 The statement made to the Victim Services Advocate that Defendant Parker believed that Ms. Garcia “set people up” is similarly devoid of exculpatory “Brady value.” If Plaintiff wishes the Court to read the statement as indicative that Ms. Garcia set him up by enticing him into a sexual relationship, even if that were true it would have no exculpatory value: the crimes with which Plaintiff was charged represented a form of statutory rape, therefore it is irrelevant whether Ms. Garcia was a willing participant and/or manipulated Plaintiff into the sexual encounter. If the Plaintiff wishes the Court to read the statement as somehow proof of a deeper conspiracy (i.e, that the “set up” began with a lie about the sexual encounters and extended to the manufacture of the physical evidence against him), then he runs into the same dead end (no supporting evidence, no plausible scenario) as the Court has noted supra. 17 Nor does the non-disclosure of which Plaintiff complains constitute evidence which Plaintiff could have used for its impeachment value. The benefit to Plaintiff of exposing either Defendant Parker or Ms. Garcia (or both) as “impeachable” (i.e., potentially dishonest and untrustworthy) rests entirely on his “fabricated evidence” theory. The only point of impeaching Defendant Parker would have been in support of Plaintiff’s argument that Parker had been instrumental in fabricating the evidence against him. The Court has already ruled on the absence of any proof (and the resultant logical untenability) of that theory; impeaching Defendant Parker would not alter that conclusion. The probative value of that evidence is nil; the prejudicial impact high.

3 Nor was the non-disclosed evidence available to impeach Ms. Garcia. The existence of a sexual relationship between herself and Defendant Parker is in no way probative of her character for truthfulness or her general credibility, not to mention that its introduction runs afoul of the Washington “rape shield” law which states that “evidence of the victim’s past sexual behavior… is inadmissible on the issue of credibility and is inadmissible to prove the victim’s consent…” RCW 9A.44.020(2). The Court acknowledges that the rape shield law is not an absolute bar to the admission of evidence of prior sexual behavior. State v. Hudlow, 99 Wn.2d 1, 7 (1983), articulated the test for determining the admissibility of a victim’s past sexual conduct.

11 [E]vidence of the victim's past sexual behavior admissible on the issue of consent only if: (1) it is relevant; (2) its probative value substantially 12 outweighs the probability that its admission will create a substantial danger of undue prejudice; and (3) its exclusion will result in denial of 13 substantial justice to the defendant.

14 Since “consent” was not an issue in Plaintiff’s criminal prosecution, it is an open question whether the Hudlow test would be applied to questions of credibility, but even assuming it would be the Court still finds that the evidence of a Garcia-Parker relationship does not satisfy the elements of the test. Plaintiff has failed to demonstrate its relevance (defined as its tendency to make any element of his criminal defense more likely to be true) and its admission creates a “substantial danger of undue prejudice” (the very reason the rape shield law was instituted in the first place) that far outweighs its negligible probative value.

21 The undisclosed “set up” comment is even further devoid of exculpatory or impeachment value as regards Ms. Garcia. Defendant Parker denies making the statement or holding that belief, making him unavailable for any line of examination that might elucidate his reasons for the opinion. Ms. Garcia did not make the statement, rendering it inadmissible for any purpose related to her credibility.

3 In the absence of any exculpatory or impeachment value, the Court finds the fact of the non-disclosure of either of these pieces of evidence does not violate the rule announced in Brady or further developed in later cases. The Court thus answers both questions related to qualified immunity in the negative: there was no constitutional violation created by the nondisclosure, and thus no reasonable police officer would have known that failing to disclose the information created such a violation.

9 On that basis, Defendant Parker is entitled to qualified immunity, which represents not simply a defense but an immunity from suit. Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S. 511, 526 (1985). His motion for summary judgment will be granted and the claims against him dismissed with prejudice.

13 Defendants Krebs and San Juan County 14 The Court will examine each claim against these Defendants in order.

15 Due process violation pursuant to § 1982 (Brady violation) 16 The analysis supra regarding Defendant Parker would be equally applicable to these Defendants, were it not foreclosed by an even more absolute barrier; namely, the complete absence of any evidence that these Defendants were aware of any of the undisclosed information prior to its disclosure post-trial.

20 This is particularly fatal to the prosecution of a § 1983 claim in federal court. Mens rea as regards a Brady violation represents a very low bar in a state criminal prosecution, where 22 the suppression of Brady material [in a state criminal proceeding] “violates due process ... irrespective of the good faith or bad faith of the 23 prosecution.” Brady, 373 U.S. at 87, 83 S.Ct. 1194… [While] a § 1983 plaintiff should not be required to show that officers acted in bad faith in 1 withholding material, exculpatory evidence from prosecutors… a § 1983 plaintiff must show that police officers acted with deliberate indifference 2 to or reckless disregard for an accused's rights or for the truth in withholding evidence from prosecutors.

Tennison v. City & Cty. of San Francisco, 570 F.3d 1078, 1088 (9th Cir. 2009).

There can be no showing of “deliberate indifference or reckless disregard” in the absence of some foreknowledge of the existence of the undisclosed evidence. In response to the challenge presented by these Defendants’ summary judgment motion, Plaintiff has adduced no proof that, prior to the post-trial revelation of the Parker-Garcia relationship and Parker’s “set up” comments regarding Ms. Garcia, either Defendant Krebs or any other official of San Juan County knew of this evidence and through “deliberate indifference or reckless disregard” for Plaintiff’s rights chose to withhold it. On that basis, the § 1983 claim based on a violation of Brady cannot be sustained against either of these Defendants.

Due process violation (Monell claim) 14 The Court begins its analysis of this claim by noting that it is plead in an ambiguous and confusing fashion in Plaintiff’s amended complaint, and that Plaintiff made no attempt to defend it in response to Defendants’ summary judgment challenge. The Court agrees with Defendants that this second cause of action appears to be composed of three “sub-claims:” 1. Ratification/approval of unconstitutional conduct 19 2. Improper hiring, training, and supervision 3. Policies, regulations and practices “which if followed would likely result in the 20 violation of the constitutional rights of Plaintiff and others” (Dkt. No. 3, Amended Complaint at ¶ 5.2.)

Regarding “ratification or approval:” ratification of a subordinate’s unconstitutional action can amount to a constitutional violation (Gillette v. Delmore, 979 F.2d 1342, 1347 (9th Cir. 1992)), but Plaintiff comes forward with no evidence that Defendant Krebs was aware of, much less endorsed, the unethical, undisclosed conduct of his deputy, or was aware of evidence or opinions regarding Ms. Garcia “setting people up.” Plaintiff presents no evidence rebutting the Sheriff’s testimony that Parker’s sexual relationship with Ms. Garcia was a violation of his office’s policies and procedures, and that Parker would have been fired if he had not resigned.

5 Dkt. No. 28, Decl. of Cooley, Ex. R, Krebs Depo at 7; Dkt. No. 41, Decl. of Power, Ex. D.

6 Defendant Krebs is entitled to summary judgment dismissing this portion of the claim against him. The absence of any evidence regarding any official of Defendant San Juan County in this regard compels a similar result.

9 Demonstrating that the county’s hiring policies violated his rights under § 1983 requires a showing by Plaintiff that (1) the hiring procedures of the policymaker were inadequate; (2) the policymaker was deliberately indifferent in adopting the hiring policy; and (3) the inadequate hiring policy directly caused Plaintiff’s injury. City of Canton v. Harris, 489 U.S. 378 (1989).

13 In response to Defendants’ motions, Plaintiff presents no evidence on any of these requisite elements; in fact, does not even specifically cite to which policy or procedure his complaint concerns. Summary judgment dismissing this portion of the Monell claim will be granted.

16 Additionally, Defendants cite to case law concerning § 1983 claims based on inadequate training which treats them as a further extension of “unconstitutional policies and practices” jurisprudence. But the bar is similarly high: 19 To satisfy [§ 1983], a municipality’s failure to train its employees in a relevant respect must amount to “deliberate indifference to the rights of 20 persons with whom the [untrained employees] come into contact.” [citation omitted] Only then “can such a shortcoming be properly thought 21 of as a city ‘policy or custom’ that is actionable under § 1983.” [citation omitted].

23 “‘[D]eliberate indifference’ is a stringent standard of fault, requiring proof that a municipal actor disregarded a known or obvious consequence of his 24 action.” [citation omitted]… A pattern of similar constitutional violations 1 by untrained employees is “ordinarily necessary” to demonstrate deliberate indifference for purposes of failure to train. [citation omitted].

Connick v. Thompson, 563 U.S. 51, 61-62 (2011). Again, Plaintiff comes forward with no evidence that would satisfy this standard. Defendants are entitled to summary judgment on the entirety of this § 1983/Monell claim as well.

Negligence At the heart of any negligence claim is the existence of a duty owed by the alleged tortfeasor to the Plaintiff. Washington law does not recognize a duty flowing between a law enforcement agency in the course of a criminal investigation and the object of that investigation.

Dever v. Fowler, 63 Wn.App. 35, 45 (1991); amended on denial of reconsideration (Dec. 20, 1991), amended, 824 P.2d 1237 (1992). See also Janaszak v. State, 173 Wn.App. 703, 725 (2013). Plaintiff comes forward with no authority to the contrary, and there can be no negligence in the absence of a duty. The remaining Defendants are entitled to summary judgment dismissing this cause of action against them.

Outrage To establish a claim for the tort of outrage, [a plaintiff] must demonstrate 16 that (1) he suffered severe emotional distress; (2) the emotional distress was inflicted intentionally or recklessly, and not negligently; (3) the conduct complained of was outrageous and extreme; and (4) he personally was the object of the outrageous conduct. The defendant's conduct must be “‘so outrageous in character, and so extreme in degree, as to go beyond all 19 possible bounds of decency, and to be regarded as atrocious, and utterly intolerable in a civilized community.’”

Janaszak v. State, 173 Wn. App. 703, 726, 297 P.3d 723, 736 (2013)(quoting Grimsby v. Samson, 85 Wn.2d 52, 59 (1975)). Because Plaintiff has failed to demonstrate any pre-existing knowledge on the part of Defendants San Juan County and Krebs regarding Parker’s activities or statements, the claim fails against them for lack of any proof of “intentional or reckless” infliction of distress upon him by those parties.

3 Additionally, while it could certainly be argued that an investigating officer permitting himself to become sexually involved with a victim (of a sex crime, no less) is “atrocious, and utterly intolerable in a civilized community,” that relationship in and of itself inflicted no damage on Plaintiff. It is Defendant Parker’s withholding of the existence of the relationship, and the suppression of whatever evidence he had to support his statement that Ms. Garcia “set people up” that is the proximate cause of the emotional distress he is alleged to have inflicted on Plaintiff. That behavior (the withholding of exculpatory or impeachment evidence) does not qualify as “beyond all possible bounds of decency.” Plaintiff has produced no case authority that has ever so held.

12 Defendants’ motions for summary judgment dismissing the cause of action for outrage will be granted.

15 Conclusion 16 Plaintiff’s motion to supplement the record will be denied as improper and untimely. All claims against Defendant Parker will be dismissed on the basis of the finding that he is eligible for qualified immunity. Plaintiff having failed to respond with evidence supporting all elements of the claims against Defendant Krebs and Defendant San Juan County, their motion for summary judgment will be granted and all claims dismissed against them with prejudice.

1 The clerk is ordered to provide copies of this order to all counsel.

2 Dated July 21, 2020.

A Marsha J. Pechman United States Senior District Judge