Taryn E.F. ex rel. Grunewald v. Joshua M.C. ex rel. Michael C.
Taryn E.F. ex rel. Grunewald v. Joshua M.C. ex rel. Michael C.
Opinion of the Court
Taryn, Dawn and Dan F. (collectively, "Taryn") appeal the trial court's grant of summary
The facts are undisputed. In June and October 1990, Taryn's parents hired Joshua, who was then twelve years old, to babysit for three-year-old Taryn and her brother. On both occasions, Joshua committed various sexual assaults and physical batteries to Taryn. Taryn's parents filed a complaint against Joshua and his parents, seeking damages for Joshua's torts under sec. 895.035, Stats. The complaint was later amended to include Michael and Beverly's homeowner's insurance carrier, Little Black. The complaint alleged that Joshua's acts were intentional, willful, malicious and wanton. Little Black moved the trial
Summary judgment is appropriate because the facts are undisputed. Section 802.08(2), Stats. When reviewing a grant of summary judgment, we apply the same methodology as the trial court. Green Spring Farms v. Kersten, 136 Wis. 2d 304, 314-15, 401 N.W.2d 816, 820 (1987). Because that methodology is familiar, we need not repeat it here. See id.
Interpretation of an insurance policy is a question of law. Keane v. Auto-Owners Ins. Co., 159 Wis. 2d 539, 547, 464 N.W.2d 830, 833 (1991). We may not modify an insurance policy's unambiguous language. Schroeder v. Blue Cross & Blue Shield, 153 Wis. 2d 165, 173, 450 N.W.2d 470, 473 (Ct. App. 1989). A policy's language is ambiguous when it is susceptible to more than one reasonable interpretation and whether a policy's
Little Black's policy defines "insured" as "you and, if residents of your household, your relatives and any other person under the age of 21 in your care or in the care of your resident relatives." (Emphasis in original.) Thus, under the unambiguous language of the policy, Joshua, as well as Michael and Beverly, is an insured. The policy also contains the following coverage exclusions:
INTENTIONAL ACT EXCLUSION
The insurance afforded by this policy shall not apply to any damages to property or for bodily injury attributable to a willful, malicious, wanton or otherwise intentional act of the "insured" or performed at an "insured's" direction or for any outrageous conduct on the part of any "insured" consisting of any intentional, wanton, malicious acts, or, in addition, any act that would constitute wanton disregard for the rights of others.
Sexual Molestation Exclusion
This policy does not apply to liability which results directly or indirectly from the actual, alleged or threatened sexual molestation of a person.
Taryn does not dispute that the exclusions preclude coverage for Joshua himself. However, Taryn argues that Michael, Beverly and Joshua each have a separate policy of insurance by virtue of the following provision in the policy: "Each person listed above is a
Assuming, without deciding, that the severability clause creates separate policies for each insured, that clause does not render the exclusionary clauses in the policy ambiguous. The intentional acts exclusion expressly states that "[t]he insurance afforded by this policy shall not apply to any damages .. . attributable to . . . any outrageous conduct on the part of any 'insured' consisting of any intentional, wanton, malicious acts . . . ." (Emphasis supplied.) This language unambiguously denies coverage for all liability incurred by each and any insured as a result of certain conduct by any of the persons insured by the policy.
In contrast, the policies in Nemetz, 135 Wis. 2d at 253-54 n.2, 400 N.W.2d at 37 n.2, excluded coverage for damages "expected or intended by an insured person" and damages "intended or expected by the insured." We noted in Nemetz that by using the terms "an insured," and "the insured" in their exclusionaiy provisions, the insurers failed to adequately draft the policy to exclude coverage for both insureds based on the excludable acts of one insured. Id. at 256, 400 N.W.2d at 38. Thus, we held that the exclusionary clauses precluded coverage for the insured who corn-
Taryn argues that "[t]here is no logical or grammatical difference between 'an' and 'any'." We disagree. "An" is an indefinite article used before nouns beginning with a vowel or, sometimes, a soft consonant (e.g. an herb) instead of the related indefinite article "a." Webster's Third New Int'l Dictionary 75 (Unabr. 1976). "A" is "used as a function word before most singular nouns [or] to suggest limitation in number... ."
Additionally, other jurisdictions have recognized this distinction between the terms "an" and "any" when used as descriptors in an insurance policy. The Colorado Supreme Court in Chacon v. American Family Mut Ins. Co., 788 P.2d 748, 750 (1990), was faced with a clause excluding coverage for damage "expected or intended by any insured." (Emphasis added.) The court distinguished this policy from policies referring to the actions of the insured, noting that "[t]he majority of courts which have considered this issue have held that unlike the phrase 'the insured,' the phrase 'any insured' unambiguously expresses a contractual intent to create joint obligations and to prohibit recovery by an innocent co-insured." Id. at 751 (citation and quotation omitted). The court declined to follow the minority of jurisdictions holding that "any insured" denies coverage only to the culpable party in favor of "consider [ing] and givfing] effect to all the policy provisions and recognizing] that an insurance policy is a contract between the parties which should be enforced in a manner consistent with the intentions expressed therein." Id. at 752. Indeed, one jurisdiction that reached the opposite result acknowledged that its interpretation rendered the word "any" superfluous. Worcester Mut. Ins. Co. v. Marnell, 496 N.E.2d 158, 161 (Mass. 1986).
Other jurisdictions have denied recovery to the innocent co-insured where the exclusionary clause refers to acts of "any insured," noting that the phrase has been consistently interpreted as unambiguously expressing a contractual intent to create joint obligations and preclude recovery to innocent co-insureds.
Taryn next argues that the sexual molestation clause does not preclude coverage for Joshua's acts because Michael and Beverly's liability under sec. 895.035, Stats., is not liability that "results directly or indirectly from the actual, alleged or threatened sexual molestation of a person" because the liability is imposed by statute. We reject this argument as unconvincing. Michael and Beverly's statutory liability under sec. 895.035 is a direct result of their minor son's tortious acts, including his acts of sexual molestation. The fact that financial responsibility is created by statute based on Michael and Beverly's status as parents does not change the basis for liability, which is the damages resulting from Joshua's sexual molestations of Taryn. Under this insurance contract, coverage for liability resulting from Joshua's acts is precluded because the contract expressly denies coverage (1) if any insured engages in intentional, wanton, malicious acts and (2) if liability directly or indirectly results from a sexual molestation. We therefore conclude that the policy excludes coverage for Michael and Beverly's liability resulting from Joshua's tortious acts perpetrated against Taryn.
1n fact, this is how we interpreted "an" in Nemetz to arrive at the conclusion that the exclusionary clause in that case precluded coverage only to the particular insured who committed the excludable acts, and not the other insured. Id. at 256, 400 N.W.2d at 38.
Reference
- Full Case Name
- Taryn E.F., a minor by her Guardian ad Litem, William A. Grunewald, Dan F. and Dawn F. v. Joshua M.C., a minor by his Guardian ad Litem to be appointed by the court, Michael C. and Beverly C., Little Black Mutual Insurance Company, Defendant-Respondent
- Cited By
- 24 cases
- Status
- Published