Albrechtsen v. Wisconsin Department of Workforce Development
Albrechtsen v. Wisconsin Department of Workforce Development
Opinion of the Court
¶ 1. Steven Albrechtsen, a University of Wisconsin employee, appeals a circuit court order that affirmed a decision of the Wisconsin Personnel Commission.
BACKGROUND
¶ 2. Wisconsin Stat. ch. 230 provides protections for state employees who engage in "whistleblowing," which is the disclosure of "information gained by the employee which the employee reasonably believes demonstrates . . .[a] violation of any state or federal law, rule or regulation . . .[or] [mjismanagement or abuse of authority in state or local government, a substantial waste of public funds or a danger to public health and safety." Wis. Stat. §§ 230.80(5), 230.81(1). Specifically, a state employing unit may not "initiate or administer, or threaten to initiate or administer, any retaliatory action against an employee" who "lawfully disclosed information ... or filed a complaint" alleging a violation of the whistleblower statutes. Wis. Stat. §§ 230.83(1), 230.80(8)(a). "Retaliatory action" means the taking of "disciplinary action" against the employee, § 230.80(8), and "disciplinary action," in turn, means
*150 any action taken with respect to an employee which has the effect, in whole or in part, of a penalty, including but not limited to any of the following:
(a) Dismissal, demotion, transfer, removal of any duty assigned to the employee's position, refusal to restore, suspension, reprimand, verbal or physical harassment or reduction in base pay.
(b) Denial of education or training, if the education or training may reasonably be expected to lead to an appointment, promotion, performance evaluation or other personnel action.
(c) Reassignment.
(d) Failure to increase base pay, except with respect to the determination of a discretionary performance award.
Section 230.80(2).
¶ 3. Albrechtsen filed a complaint with the Personnel Commission in May 1998 alleging that University officials had retaliated against him for activities protected by the whistleblower law. As we describe below, the Commission never reached the merits of Albrechtsen's complaint but dismissed it on jurisdictional grounds. The factual findings in its decision and order deal largely with the procedural history of the administrative proceeding, and Albrechtsen does not dispute the Commission's findings. The following paragraphs summarize the Commission's findings of fact.
¶ 4. Albrechtsen amended his complaint in August 1998 to add allegations of acts of discrimination prohibited by the Wisconsin Fair Employment Act. A Commission investigator found probable cause on some but not all of Albrechtsen's allegations. Albrechtsen, however, informed the Commission in April 2000 that
¶ 5. The University advised the Commission by letter dated November 20, 2000, that it did not object to the Commission "holding this matter in abeyance pending the disposition of complainant's" federal lawsuit. Ten days later, the Commission advised the parties that, there being no objection, Albrechtsen's request to hold the administrative proceeding "in abeyance" pending the disposition of the litigation in federal court was granted.
¶ 6. The University moved the federal court in April 2001 to dismiss Albrechtsen's state-law whistle-blower claims on the grounds that the administrative proceeding before the Commission was the exclusive means of pursuing violations of Wis. Stat. §§ 230.80 through 230.89. Albrechtsen responded to the motion by acknowledging "that his claims ... for unlawful discrimination and retaliation for his whistleblowing are not within the jurisdiction of this court." Albrechtsen further noted that his whistleblower claims were "currently pending" before the Commission, but were being held in abeyance, and he asked the federal court to dismiss those claims without prejudice. The court, on the basis of the University's arguments and Albrechtsen's "concessions," dismissed the whistleblower claims without prejudice.
ANALYSIS
¶ 8. Our review is of the Commission's decision, not the circuit court's order affirming it. See Barnes v. DNR, 178 Wis. 2d 290, 302, 506 N.W.2d 155 (Ct. App. 1993). The threshold question in this appeal, as in many involving the review of agency determinations, is what level of deference, if any, are we to accord the Commission's interpretation and application of Wis. Stat. § 230.88(2)(c)? The parties agree that our review is de novo because the decision under review addresses the Commission's subject matter jurisdiction, a topic on which we owe the Commission's decision no deference. We concur and proceed to consider de novo whether the Commission lost jurisdiction over Albrechtsen's complaint when he filed a federal lawsuit alleging a violation of the Wisconsin whistleblower statutes. See Wisconsin Bell, Inc. v. Public Serv. Comm'n, 2004 WI App
¶ 9. Wisconsin Stat. § 230.88(2)(c) provides that, "[n]o later than 10 days before the specified time of hearing" on a whistleblower complaint under Wis. Stat. § 230.85,
an employee shall notify the [Commission (now the "division of equal rights,” see footnote 1)] orally or in writing if he or she has commenced or will commence an action in a court of record alleging matters prohibited under s. 230.83(1). If the employee does not substantially comply with this requirement, the division of equal rights may assess against the employee any costs attributable to the failure to notify. Failure to notify the division of equal rights does not affect a court's jurisdiction to proceed with the action. Upon commencement of such an action in a court of record, the [Commission] has no jurisdiction to process a complaint filed under s. 230.85 except to dismiss the complaint and, if appropriate, to assess costs under this paragraph.
Section 230.88(2)(c) (emphasis added).
¶ 10. When we construe a statute, we begin with the language of the statute and give it its common, ordinary, and accepted meaning, except that technical or specially defined words are given their technical or special definitions. State ex rel. Kalal v. Circuit Court for Dane County, 2004 WI 58, 45, 271 Wis. 2d 633, 681 N.W.2d 110. The Commission and the University contend that the plain meaning of the statutory language emphasized above can lead to no other conclusion but that the Commission lost its subject matter jurisdiction over Albrechtsen's whistleblower complaint once he
¶ 11. Albrechtsen does not dispute that he "commenced an action" in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Wisconsin on October 5, 2000, in which he alleged the following in his complaint: "The wrongful actions of all the defendants have subjected the plaintiff to unlawful discrimination and retaliation for whistleblowing, contrary to 230.80 to 230.89, Wis. Stats." The Commission found, and Albrechtsen does not dispute, that the events and actions allegedly constituting retaliation as described in his administrative complaint were also the basis of his state whistleblower claims in the federal suit.
¶ 12. Thus, if the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Wisconsin is a "court of record," the provisions of Wis. Stat. § 230.88(2)(c) are implicated. Albrechtsen does not dispute that the federal district court is a "court of record."
¶ 13. Albrechtsen also argues that, when the Commission agreed to hold the administrative proceedings "in abeyance" after he commenced the federal court action, the Commission implicitly ruled that its subject matter jurisdiction over his complaint would continue. Albrechtsen further asserts that this then became "the law of the case" that "superceded. the provisions of § 230.8[8](2)(c)" and the Commission could not thereafter rule otherwise. Albrechtsen supports this argument with a single citation to Haase v. R & P Indus. Chimney Repair Co., Inc., 140 Wis. 2d 187, 191-92, 409 N.W.2d 423 (Ct. App. 1987), where we said this: " 'When an issue of fact or law is actually litigated, and determined by a valid and final judgment, the determination is conclusive'" (citing Landess v. Schmidt, 115 Wis. 2d 186, 197, 340 N.W.2d 213 (Ct. App. 1983)).
¶ 15. Finally, and perhaps most important, even if the Commission had expressly concluded in November 2000 that it had continuing jurisdiction over Albrechtsen's complaint despite his commencement of a court action alleging the same State law violations, when the Commission recognized in July 2003 that Albrechtsen's court action had caused it to lose jurisdiction, it had no choice but to dismiss the administrative proceeding. The statute could not be plainer as to the effect of Albrechtsen's filing his federal action on October 5, 2000: "Upon commencement of such an action in a court of record, the [Commission] has no jurisdiction to process a complaint filed under s. 230.85 except to dismiss the complaint...." Wis. Stat. § 230.88(2)(c). Thus, the Commission lost jurisdiction as of October 5, 2000, and it thereafter lacked the power to take any actions in the matter "except to dismiss the complaint." This means that the Commission's order in November
¶ 16. Albrechtsen next makes an intricate, but ultimately flawed, argument as follows: According to Albrechtsen, Wis. Stat. § 230.88(2) (c) should be read to permit the Commission to do what it did in November 2000, because, after Albrechtsen commenced his federal lawsuit and all during its pendency, the Commission did not "process" his complaint. Instead, further "processing" of his administrative complaint was "in abeyance" during the pendency of the federal litigation and would not have resumed until the federal litigation ended. Thus, in Albrechtsen's view, the asserted purpose of Wis. Stat. § 230.88(2) (c) was served because the court litigation and the administrative processing of his whistleblowing allegations never proceeded simultaneously, and, therefore, "the Commission properly could exercise jurisdiction after it was no longer vested in a court of record." This is, essentially, the position adopted by the Dissent.
¶ 17. We reject Albrechtsen's (and the Dissent's) suggestion that subject matter jurisdiction can be switched "on and off' at will, or that Wis. Stat. § 230.88(2)(c) permits jurisdiction to be initially possessed by the Commission, lost to the federal court and then regained by the Commission when the federal litigation ended. As we have discussed, under § 230.88(2)(c), when Albrechtsen filed his federal action, the Commission lost jurisdiction and thereafter
¶ 18. Albrechtsen next argues that the Commission's action in dismissing his complaint without reaching the merits resulted in a violation of his constitutional right to due process. Specifically, Albrechtsen claims that he was deprived of his "right to be heard" regarding the merits of his allegations that the University violated rights conferred on him by the whistle-blower statutes. After his initial statement of the argument in conclusory terms, however, Albrechtsen provides no authority for the proposition that an administrative body's dismissal of a claimed violation of state law for lack of jurisdiction constitutes an impermissible denial of the right to be heard. Instead, he proceeds with a discussion of why he (and the University) believe that the Commission erred in concluding that his state whistleblower claims could be pursued in federal court, a question we need not decide, as we discuss below.
¶ 19. As for the undeveloped constitutional claim, we agree with the University that Albrechtsen was not denied his due process rights to "notice and [the] opportunity for hearing" regarding the Commission's
¶ 20. We turn next to Albrechtsen's argument that an administrative proceeding under Wis. Stat. § 230.85 is the exclusive remedy for alleged violations of Wis. Stat. § 230.83(1), and the Commission therefore erred when it concluded otherwise. The University also espouses this position. As we have described, the University moved to dismiss the whistleblower claims from the federal suit on the ground that the state administrative remedy was exclusive, a position to which Albre-chtsen acceded. The Commission concluded that the parties and the federal court were wrong in believing that Albrechtsen could not pursue a judicial remedy for his whistleblower claims. We conclude it is unnecessary for us to decide the issue.
¶ 23. The foregoing rationale effectively disposes of Albrechtsen's estoppel arguments as well. See Environmental Decade, 84 Wis. 2d at 515-16 ("Nor can subject matter jurisdiction be conferred by estoppel."). Albrechtsen contends that the Commission should be equitably estopped from concluding, and the University equitably and judicially estopped from arguing, that the Commission lost jurisdiction over his complaint. Albrechtsen claims that he reasonably relied to his detriment on the University's failure to object and the Commission's granting of his request to hold the Commission proceedings in abeyance during the pen-dency of his federal court action. We note, however, that Albrechtsen filed his federal action on October 5, 2000, before the University told the Commission it did not object to holding the administrative proceeding in abeyance (November 20, 2000) and before the Commission granted the request (November 30, 2000).
¶ 24. As for the judicial estoppel claim, it, too, fails for multiple reasons. Albrechtsen claims the University should not be permitted to argue in this action that the administrative proceeding must be dismissed for lack of jurisdiction after arguing in the federal court that the administrative proceeding was the exclusive remedy for his whistleblower claims. Again, however, even if judicial estoppel could cure the Commission's loss of jurisdiction upon Albrechtsen's commencement of his federal action (which, as we have explained, it cannot), the University's positions are not "irreconcilably inconsistent" with one another. See State v. Petty, 201 Wis. 2d 337, 353, 548 N.W.2d 817 (1996). Although we do not address the University's arguments on this point, it continues to maintain that allegations of a violation of Wis. Stat. § 230.83(1) may be brought only in an administrative proceeding under § 230.85, while the underlying facts may permit a claim to also be pled in a judicial forum under Wis. Stat. § 895.65. Because Albrechtsen pled only the former statute in his federal suit, the University contends that both the federal suit and the administrative proceeding were properly dismissed. Regardless of whether the University's position has merit, its arguments in support of its motions to dismiss both actions are not irreconcilably inconsistent.
¶ 25. Finally, we note that Albrechtsen also claims the Commission erred in refusing to allow him to file an amended complaint that he tendered in July 2003, just
CONCLUSION
¶ 26. For the reasons discussed above, we affirm the appealed order.
By the Court. — Order affirmed.
When Albrechtsen filed his complaint, and when the Commission dismissed it, Wis. Stat. § 230.85 (2001-02) provided that complaints of violations of the whistleblower statutes were to be filed with the Personnel Commission. After the Commission issued the decision under review, the Commission's responsibilities under § 230.85 were transferred to the Equal Rights Division in the Department of Workforce Development. See 2003 Wis. Act 33, §§ 2428-2440. The Commission's decision is thus deemed to have been issued by the department, who is a respondent in this appeal. See id., § 9139(l)(d)2. We refer in this opinion, as the circuit court and the parties have done, to the decision under review as that of the Commission and to the department's arguments as those of the Commission.
All references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 2003-04 version unless otherwise noted.
The supreme court has defined a "court of record" as follows:
A court of record has been defined as a court where the acts and judicial proceedings are enrolled in parchment for a perpetual memorial and testimony, and which has power to fine and imprison for contempt of its authority; a court that is bound to keep a record of its proceedings, and that may fine or imprison; a court whose proceedings are enrolled for a perpetual memorial and testimony, which rolls are called the records of the court, and are of such high and super-eminent authority that their truth is not to be called in question; a judicial, organized tribunal having attributes and exercising functions independently of the person of the magistrate designated generally to hold it, and proceeding according to the course of the common law; and a court having a seal.
Malinowski v. Moss, 196 Wis. 292, 296, 220 N.W 197 (1928).
Although the University first asks us to resolve this "important.. . interim issue," it acknowledges later in its brief that we "need not determine whether the federal court had
We note that, in discussing the "exclusive remedy" issue, both parties point to Wis. Stat. § 895.65, which the Commission also cited in its ruling. That statute provides in part as follows:
An employee may bring an action in circuit court against his or her employer or employer's agent, including this state, if the employer or employer's agent retaliates, by engaging in a disciplinary action, against the employee because the employee exercised his or her rights under the first amendment to the U.S. constitution or*161 article I, section 3, of the Wisconsin constitution by lawfully disclosing information or because the employer or employer's agent believes the employee so exercised his or her rights.
Section 895.65(2). Although § 895.65 makes no cross-reference to Wis. Stat. § 230.80-230.89, the definitions of "employee" and "information" it employs are virtually identical to those set forth in § 230.80. See §§ 230.80(3) and (5), 895.65(1)00 and (d). The Commission concluded that the existence of § 895.65 supports its conclusion that the reference to "an action in a court of record" in § 230.88(2) (c) means that the legislature intended to permit judicial avenues of relief, as well as the administrative one, for persons seeking to enforce the whistle-blower statutes.
The University's position is that § 895.65 provides the only avenue for raising whistleblower claims in court, and that Albrechtsen could have salvaged his federal claim by amending his complaint to allege a violation of § 895.65(2) instead of a violation of 230.83(1). Albrechtsen asserts, however, that he could not have alleged a § 895.65 violation because the adverse actions taken against him (withholding merit pay increases and not scheduling his classes) were not "disciplinary actions" as required under § 895.65, thereby requiring him to allege "retaliatory action" only under Wis. Stat. § 230.83(1). (Albrechtsen's argument ignores the fact that "retaliatory action" is expressly defined to mean "a disciplinary action," see § 230.80(8), and that both § 895.65(l)(a) and § 230.80(2) define "disciplinary action" to mean "any action taken with respect to an employee which has the effect, in whole or in part, of a penalty.") In any event, as we have explained, a resolution of the interrelationship of §§ 230.80-230.89 and § 895.65 is not necessary to our disposition of this appeal, and we decline to discuss it further.
Dissenting Opinion
¶ 27. (dissenting). I do not agree with the majority that the meaning of Wis. Stat. § 230.88(2)(c)
¶ 28. In construing the meaning of statutory language we consider the purpose of the statute insofar as it is ascertainable from the text and structure of the statute itself as expressed in the text. State ex rel. Kalal v. Circuit Court for Dane County, 2004 WI 58, ¶ 48, 271 Wis. 2d 633, 681 N.W.2d 110. The evident purpose of the requirement that the Commission dismiss the complaint "upon commencement of such action in a court of record" is to avoid the Commission adjudicating a claim that is going to be adjudicated in court. The requirement that, at least ten days before the Commission hearing, the employee notify the Commission that the employee either has or will file a court action and the assessment of costs for failure to do so both further this purpose: they minimize the chances that the Commission will incur expenses in adjudicating a claim that is going to be adjudicated in a court action.
¶ 29. When, as here, a claim "alleging matters prohibited under s. 230.83(1)" is dismissed in the court action before adjudication in that forum because the parties believe that it must be adjudicated by the Commission, no duplication occurs if the Commission vacates its earlier dismissal order and adjudicates the claim. Indeed, if the Commission does not do so, the employee never has his or her claim adjudicated at all. That is inconsistent with the express policy behind Wis. Stat. §§ 230.80-230.88: "to encourage disclosure of information [as defined in those sections] and to ensure
¶ 30. Because in my view the Commission would have had the authority to vacate the dismissal order that it should have entered and to adjudicate Albrechtsen's claim, I see no reason that it does not have the authority to adjudicate Albrechtsen's claim after having ordered the claim held in abeyance rather than dismissing it. For the reasons I have explained in the preceding paragraphs, I conclude Wis. Stat. § 230.88(2)(c) does not prevent the Commission from doing so. Thus, I conclude the Commission erred in deciding that it was required by § 230.88(2)(c) to dismiss Albrechtsen's claim now.
¶ 31. I recognize that a conclusion that the Commission has the authority to adjudicate Albrechtsen's claim is not the same as a requirement that it do so. That is, in the context of a motion to vacate a dismissal order entered under Wis. Stat. § 230.88(2)(c), there may be reasons why the Commission could properly deny a motion to vacate a dismissal order even though it had the authority to vacate that order. However, in this case, the only reason the Commission dismissed Albrechtsen's claim rather than proceeding to adjudicate it was its decision that it was required to do so by § 230.88(2)(c). The Board of Regents did not argue before the Commission that there would have been unfairness to it if the
All references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 2003-04 version unless otherwise noted.
I agree with the majority that it is not necessary to decide whether the Board of Regents is correct that the Commission is the exclusive forum for resolving Albrechtsen's claim that his rights under Wis. Stat. § 230.83(1) were violated. However, it appears to me that the Board's disagreement with the Commission on this point is more a matter of semantics than anything else. As I understand the Commission's statements on this point, it views Wis. Stat. § 895.65 as the vehicle for filing a claim in court on "matters prohibited under s. 230.83(1)." Wis. Stat. § 230.88(2)(c). Thus I understand the Commission to mean that the administrative remedy in Wis. Stat. § 230.85 (and judicial review of the Commission's decision under Wis. Stat. § 230.87) is not exclusive in the sense that a court action under § 895.65 provides a remedy for the violation of essentially the same rights as protected by § 230.83(1). I do not understand in what meaningful way this differs from the Board of Regents' position.
Reference
- Full Case Name
- Steven J. Albrechtsen, Petitioner-Appellant, v. Wisconsin Department of Workforce Development and Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, Respondents-Respondents
- Cited By
- 3 cases
- Status
- Published