Calkins v. Sumner

By the Court,

There can be no doubt that tbe circuit judge was in error when be decided that upon tbe facts admitted by tbe pleadings, tbe burden of proof as to malice, was upon tbe defendant; that it was for bim to show that tbe words were spoken in good faith and from justifiable motives, instead of it being for tbe plaintiff to prove that they arose from feelings of malignity, or that, there was malice in fact. To support an action for verbal or written *196s^an<^er’ ^ *s necessary that tbe charges should be false, and that they should be maliciously made. And although -where the words used are actionable in themselves, the law 1 ordinarily implies malice from the act of speaking or writing them, and distinct ¡3roof of malice is not required; yet when they are written or spoken by parties, counsel, witnesses, jurors or judges, in the course of a judicial proceeding, they are prima, facie priyileged. The circumstances under which they are thus spoken or written exclude the legal notion of malice, and it lies with the party complaining to establish that they were not pertinent or material to the subject in controversy, and that the speaker or writer was animated by •ill-will- and hatred. This principle is vindicated by the adjudications upon the subject, and is consistent with reason. Eor it would be extremely inconsistent, and I might say absurd, for the law to presume that judicial proceedings of any kind are resorted to for the mere purpose of enabling parties to indulge their malice and utter slanders, and not in good faith, to attain some legitimate end, or to perform some lawful act or duty, which is useful and beneficial to themselves or others. On the contrary, the presumption is very strong, that persons so situated are using legal proceedings for proper purposes, and that what is said or done proceeds from sufficient cause and right motives; and when that which thus transpires may constitute the basis of an action at all, it is only upon the ground that there is proof of express malice, and that the person complained of has availed himself of his position to gratify his malevolence, by defamatory expressions against parties or others, which have no connection with or bearing upon the subject under investigation. The only exception to this rule as to the burden of proof, which could possibly arise upon the answer of a defendant, would be when it discloses facts showing express malice, and then I apprehend that a court would hardly put him upon, or allow him to come in with his proof that there was no malice, and in that way disprove his answer, in which the very gist of the action is admitted. It is not pretended that such is the case with the present answer, but the court seems to have been gov*197erned by the idea that the law implies malice under such circumstances, which we have shown to be incorrect.

The court also erred in the first instruction to the jury, viz.: “If the evidence was given maliciously, no matter how pertinent to the issue, it is slander.” The rule is exactly the other way, as will be found by an examination of a great number of authorities collected and referred to in a note in the first volume of American Leading Oases, page 186. The rule is, that if what is said or written be pertinent and material to the cause or subject matter of inquiry, the speaker or writer is not liable to an action, however much he may be actuated by hatred or ill-will. In such cases there can be no doubt that much may be said and done which is very detrimental to the object of it, but it is one of the many instances which must be considered a loss without an injury, and where the claims of the individual must yield to the dictates of public policy, which requires that the paths which lead to the ascertainment of truth should be left as free and unobstructed as possibleA

It follows from what bns already been said, that the second instruction was erroneous also, and that those ashed by the defendant’s counsel should have been given. I think the correct rule in regard to a witness’s liability to an action for what he may say pending his examination before a judicial tribunal, is that he is not jnswerable in damages for any statements he may make which are responsive to questions put to him, and which are not objected to and ruled out by the court, or concerning the impertinency or impropriety of which he receives no advice from the court or tribunal before which the proceeding is had. It seems to me that he may rest safely upon the mere silence of the court and those interested in the subject under examination. We all know that a great majority of the/ persons called upon to testify in our courts of justice are v/holly ignorant of the rules of evidence by which legal pn/ceedings are governed; and that if they were not, they are, in most instances, unacquainted with the true nature of the controversy and the exact legal condition of the issue between the parties, so that they could not determine for themselves the materiality or pertinency *198of their answers to particular questions propounded. Be-' sides it is not for them to decide sucb questions. Tbe law has imposed that duty exclusively on courts, and others having authority to hear and determine disputed questions of law and fact. Witnesses do and must rely on the conduct of courts and the counsel engaged, and in the absence of objection or warning, ought to be permitted, without fear of harm or molestation, to make truthful and direct responses to all questions which may be put to them. They may be compelled to attend and give evidence, and when duly notified, the law makes it their unavoidable duty to do so; and to make them responsible in damages, and, as it were, criminally, for such obedience to a legal requirement, would be a most wicked and intolerable outrage.

The judgment of the circuit court is reversed, and a new trial awarded.