The action is for malpractice. The defendant, a physician, was being examined adversely before trial, under sec. 4096, Stats., and refused to disclose information received by him while treating the plaintiff as a patient and which was necessary to enable him to prescribe, although the plaintiff expressly waived the statutory privilege of secrecy and he was ordered to answer by the court. For this refusal he was adjudged guilty of contempt, and appeals.

The sole question presented is whether the privilege granted by sec. 4075, Stats., is the privilege of the patient or of the physician. We think it is unquestionably the privilege of the patient. This was so held in Boyle v. Northwest*38ern M. R. Asso. 95 Wis. 312, 70 N. W. 351, when the statute provided that no physician should be compelled to disclose such information. By ch. 322, Laws 1911, the section was amended by substituting the word permitted for the word compelled and by adding a provision allowing the information to be disclosed by the physician as a witness in his own behalf in a civil action for malpractice and in a criminal action therefor, when the patient or his legal representatives shall, have first given evidence relating thereto.

It was not entirely easy to construe the word compelled as giving the privilege' to the patient, as may be seen by examination of the opinion in the Boyle Case, but it is very easy to so construe the word permitted. The latter word means practically the same as allozved, which is the word used in secs. 4074 and 4076, Stats., protecting communications made to clergymen and attorneys respectively, and this latter word has generally, if not uniformly, been construed as granting the privilege- to the penitent or the client, as is pointed out in the Boyle Case.

Cases decided in this court since the last named change was made inferentially if not directly sustain this view. Canning v. Chicago & M. E. R. Co. 163 Wis. 448, 157 N. W. 532; McGinty v. Brotherhood of Railway Trainmen, 166 Wis. 83, 164 N. W. 249; Casson v. Schoenfeld, 166 Wis. 401, 166 N. W. 23.

By the Court. — Orders affirmed.