Bansbach v. Harbin
Bansbach v. Harbin
Opinion of the Court
Petitioners Robert P. and Rickie Bansbach seek relief from the January 28, 2011, order of the Circuit Court of Marion County denying their motion for a preliminary injunction and dissolving a previously-issued temporary injunction.
I. Factual and Procedural Background
Since August 2005, Petitioners have resided on approximately ninety acres of land situated in the Mannington District of Marion County. Respondents live together on eighty-one acres of land owned by Mary Fanok that borders the northeast section of Petitioners’ property.
Included in the so-called “harassment campaign” was the creation of a second junkyard
As a result of the above-described occurrences and a few others,
Following a hearing on these matters, the trial court concluded that: the materials stored on the Fanok property did not create a private nuisance; Respondents’ posting of signs and shouting profanities at Petitioners did not amount to “fighting words” for First Amendment purposes; and Respondents’ behavior was not so outrageous that it required injunctive relief. In accord with this ruling, the trial court dissolved the temporary injunction and denied Petitioners’ motion for permanent injunctive relief. Petitioners seek review of the trial court’s order by means of interlocutory appeal.
II. Standard of Review
In State ex rel. McGraw v. Telecheck Services, 213 W.Va. 438, 582 S.E.2d 885 (2003), this Court discussed at length the constitutional authority for this Court’s review of interlocutory orders that involve preliminary injunctions. See id. at 442-47, 582 S.E.2d at 889-94; W.Va. Const, art. VIII, § 3. While we previously set forth a three-pronged standard in State v. Imperial Marketing, 196 W.Va. 346, 472 S.E.2d 792 (1996),
With this standard in mind, we proceed to consider whether the trial court committed error by dissolving the temporary injunction and, further, by denying Petitioners the injunctive relief which they sought on the record submitted in this ease.
III. Discussion
While we have long recognized the fact-driven nature of nuisance law, our seminal decision in the area of private nuisance law is Hendricks v. Stalnaker, 181 W.Va. 31, 380 S.E.2d 198 (1989). See Harless v. Workman, 145 W.Va. 266, 273-74, 114 S.E.2d 548, 552 (1960) (“It has been said that the term ‘nuisance’ is incapable of an exact and exhaustive definition which will fit all cases, because the controlling facts are seldom alike, and each case stands on its own footing.”). In Hendricks, we were asked to decide whether the digging of a water well which would in turn prevent an adjacent landowner from developing a septic system due to health department regulations constituted a private nuisance. Finding a need to clarify what constituted a private nuisance,
As in this case, the decision in Hendricks turned on whether the conduct at issue qualified as both intentional and unreasonable.
In the case before us, the trial court began its analysis by looking at the nature of the location and surrounding area. See Parkersburg Builders Material Co. v. Barrack, 118 W.Va. 608, 613, 191 S.E. 368, 371 (1937) (“The surroundings must be considered. Unsightly things are not to be banned solely on that account.”). With regard to the land at issue, the trial court found that “the property is located six to eight miles outside of the city of Mannington and the surrounding properties are primarily farm land.” Emphasizing the rural nature of the property at hand, the trial court observed: “What is a nuisance in one locality may not be a nuisance in another. Rural residents must expect to bear with farm and livestock conditions normally found in the area where they reside.”
The trial court then turned its focus to the nature of the alleged interference with Petitioners’ use and enjoyment of their property. At the core of Petitioners’ nuisance complaint is the allegation that Respondents transformed a formerly bucolic area into an eyesore. Referencing our decision in Barrack, the trial court observed “Traditionally ‘courts of equity have hesitated to exercise authority
The issue of whether unsightliness can require abatement under principles of nuisance law was recently revisited by this Court. In Burch v. Nedpower Mount Storm, LLC, 220 W.Va. 443, 647 S.E.2d 879 (2007), we were asked to decide, inter alia, whether principles of nuisance law could be used to halt the development of a prospective wind power facility. While we found that the surrounding home owners had the right to pursue recovery under private nuisance law,
Although our holding in Burch was premised upon the existence of additional nuisance grounds besides that of unsightliness
Critical to understanding the reach of nuisance law is recognition of the fact that “[r]ecovery for a private nuisance is limited to plaintiffs who have suffered a significant harm to their property rights or privileges caused by the interference.” Hendricks, 181 W.Va. at 34, 380 S.E.2d at 201 (citing Restatement (Second) of Torts §§ 821E, 821F (1979)); see also Martin v. Williams, 141 W.Va. 595, 611, 93 S.E.2d 835, 844 (1956) (describing nuisance as involving material reduction in homeowner’s enjoyment of property and material interference with physical comfort of persons in their homes). Illustrative of this need to demonstrate significant harm is Karpiak v. Russo, 450 Pa.Super. 471, 676 A.2d 270 (1996), a ease in which homeowners sought to enjoin a landscaping business on grounds that the operation of noisy machinery, foul odors, and escaping dust all constituted a private nuisance. In affirming the trial court’s dismissal of the action, the appellate court explained “that while appellees’ actions may have been annoying and a cause of inconvenience, as a matter of law, appellants failed to establish that the invasion was seriously annoying or intolerable.” 676 A.2d at 273. As the Iowa Supreme Court aptly observed in Mohr v. Midas Realty Corp., 431 N.W.2d 380 (Iowa. 1988), “[n]ot every interference with a person’s use and enjoyment of land is actionable.” Id. at 381 (citing Restatement (Second) of Torts § 822 emt. clause (a)).
Upon our review of this matter, we find no error with the trial court’s ruling that
With regard to the issue of Respondents’ previous sign-posting
We do not doubt that Petitioners found the actions of Respondent with regard to name calling, sign posting, and other outward gestures of disapproval as both unwelcome and annoying. The flip side of the coin, however, is that Respondents similarly took offense at being photographed by Mrs. Bansbach and by her logging of their daily activities. The bottom line, however, is that this type of conduct, as discussed in Booker, is simply not what nuisance laws are aimed at remedying.
Based on the foregoing, the decision of the Circuit Court of Marion County is affirmed.
Affirmed.
. The trial court issued a temporary injunction against the Respondents by order entered on May 21, 2010.
. While Respondents filed a brief, they did not appear for oral argument. Because Respondents did not request a waiver of oral argument under Rule 20(1) of the Revised Rules of Appellate Procedure despite the issuance of two separate Court notices advising them how to proceed if they did not seek oral argument, the Court pre
. Hearings were held on July 9, May 20, and October 21, 2010.
. A third parcel of land, consisting of eighty-two acres, is owned by Mr. Harbin’s parents and leased to Daniel Harbin as a tenant-at-will. That piece of property borders the northwest side of Petitioners’ property.
. Respondent Mary Fanok purchased her parcel of real estate in 2006.
. Petitioners allege that the source of the dispute was Daniel Harbin's removal of unspecified items of personal property from Petitioners’ property without their consent.
. According to the complaint, a junkyard had been in existence for some time on the third parcel of land. See supra, note 4. Petitioners alleged that Respondents relocated various items of junk from the existing junkyard on parcel three to the Fanok property in an area that was in direct sight of Petitioners’ residence.
. Those items included a bucket seat, a dehumidifier, a television set, a computer monitor, portable toilets, trailer frames, horse trailers, corrugated pipe, tires, building materials, and a large black hose that was coiled around the fence.
. Respondents indicate that Mrs. Bansbach had been keeping a log of events pertaining to their actions as well as photographing each addition to the junkyard.
. The record indicates that Mrs. Bansbach and one of her daughters were blocked from returning to their home after visiting a neighbor’s property on ATV’s for approximately twenty-three minutes before another neighbor intervened and Mr. Harbin moved his vehicle.
. Petitioners relate that Respondents placed a sign on their property that stated "Lazy Man Salvage. Call 1-800-KISSMY__ww.Lazy-Man.com.” Another incident that apparently fueled Petitioners’ decision to seek judicial relief was the dumping of a load of pig manure on the Fanok property within olfactory range of the Bansbach residence. This episode followed Respondents’ erection of the sign announcing a prospective pig farm.
. We held that
In reviewing the exceptions to the findings of fact and conclusions of law supporting the granting of a temporary or preliminary injunction, we will apply a three-pronged deferential standard of review. We review the final order granting the temporary injunction and the ultimate disposition under an abuse of discretion standard, West v. National Mines Corp., 168 W.Va. 578, 590, 285 S.E.2d 670, 678 (1981), we review the circuit court’s underlying factual findings under a clearly erroneous standard, and we review questions of law de novo. Syllabus Point 4, Burgess v. Porterfield, 196 W.Va. 178, 469 S.E.2d 114(1996).
Imperial Mktg., 196 W.Va. at 348, 472 S.E.2d at 794, syl. pt. 1.
. Prior to our decision in Hendricks, a private nuisance was defined in contrast to a public nuisance — that which affects the general public— and identified in terms of causing "injurfy] [to] one person or a limited number of persons only.” Hark v. Mountain Fork Lumber Co., 127 W.Va. 586, 595-96, 34 S.E.2d 348, 354 (1945).
. Because Respondents’ conduct was intentional, Petitioners argue that the trial court necessarily committed error in failing to award injunctive relief. What Petitioners overlook is that the subject conduct must be both intentional and unreasonable. See Hendricks, 181 W.Va. at 34 n. 5, 380 S.E.2d at 201 n. 5 (citing Restatement definition as providing that ”[o]ne is subject to liability for a private nuisance if, but only if, his conduct is a legal cause of an invasion of another’s interest in the private use and enjoyment of land, and the invasion is ... (a) intentional and unreasonable ”) (emphasis supplied).
. While both landowners had demonstrated a need for their respective water system, the well required non-interference within 100 feet of its location whereas the septic system was determined to place a more invasive burden on adjacent property based on its drainage potential. See Hendricks, 181 W.Va. at 35, 380 S.E.2d at 202.
. The trial court had dismissed the case by entering judgment on the pleadings.
. In Burch, the plaintiffs also asserted nuisance on the grounds of noise and diminution of property values.
. The comment on clause (a) provides, in pertinent part:
Not every intentional and significant invasion of a person’s interest in the use and enjoyment of land is actionable.... Life in organized society ... involves an unavoidable clash of individual interests. Practically all human activities ... interfere to some extent with others or involve some risk of interference, and these interferences range from mere trifling annoyances to serious harms ... Liability for damages is imposed in those cases in which the harm or risk to one is greater than he ought to be required to bear under the circumstances, at least without compensation.
Restatement (Second) Torts § 822 cmt. clause (a) (1979).
. Mr. Harbin testified at the hearing on July 10, 2010, that he had removed all the items from the Fanok "junkyard” that were neither farm machinery nor building materials. Petitioners’ counsel confirmed this statement during oral argument. According to Mr. Harbin’s testimony at the same hearing, the signs about which Petitioners complained were removed on April 28, 2010.
. See supra, note 19.
. Petitioners argue that the trial court wrongly looked to Cohen v. California, 403 U.S. 15, 91 S.Ct. 1780, 29 L.Ed.2d 284 (1971), when addressing the allegations involving speech. While Cohen may have limited application given the public nature of the speech at issue in that decision, the trial court did not commit error in ruling that the speech at issue in this case was not actionable under nuisance law. We similarly find no error with the trial court’s rulings that the profanity at issue did not create an immediate breach of the peace and that it "was not so outrageous that a reasonable person could not be expected to endure it.”
Reference
- Full Case Name
- Robert P. BANSBACH and Rickie Bansbach v. Daniel HARBIN and Mary Fanok
- Cited By
- 10 cases
- Status
- Published