It is a well-established rule in the law of eminent domain that a jury may not award just compensation for the lost profits of a business on land taken by condemnation.1 However, in this appeal of a jury’s $24 million verdict in a condemnation case, a litigant testified and valued his interest in a tract of condemned land using.only the future lost profits of his business. Despite this evidence, the' Cireuit Court of Tucker County refused to instruct the jury to disregard lost *58business profits when calculating just compensation.

As set forth below, we reverse the circuit court’s judgment on the jury’s verdict, and remand the case for a new trial.

I.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Respondents Western Pocahontas Properties, L.P., and WPP, LLC (collectively “Western Pocahontas”) own several tracts of land in Tucker 'County, West Virginia. There is mineable coal2 beneath this land.

On June 21, 2011, Western Pocahontas leased 187 acre's of its land to respondent Beacon Resources, Inc. (“Beacon”). The lease allowed Beacon to extract the coal in exchange for royalty payments to Western Pocahontas.3 Shortly thereafter, in July or August, Beacon opened a surface mine on the land and began removing coal.

On August 15, 2011, Beacon signed a contract to sell coal to a neighboring mine;4 the • contract expired by its own terms on March 31, 2012. Beacon claims it did not renew the contract because it .learned some of the land would be taken through condemnation to build a highway and did not believe.it would be able to fulfill the contract. However, Beacon continued to mine and sell coal for several months thereafter.

In April 2012, petitioner West Virginia Department of Transportation, Division of Highways (“the DOH”) filed a condemnation action against Western Pocahontas and Beacon. The DOH sought to take approximately 30 of the 187 acres owned by Western Pocahontas and leased to Beacon to construct-a portion of the Corridor H highway.5

On July 25, 2012, the circuit court granted the DOH the right to take possession of the 30 acres of land. Around this same time, Beacon halted all mining operations on the entire 187 acres and began selling its equipment.

As required by law,6 on July 25, 2012, the DOH deposited $750,000 with the circuit clerk as its estimate of just compensation for the surface of the land taken; Western Pocahontas later accepted that valuation of the surface. However, the DOH also deposited $5,863,100 as the DOH’s estimate of just compensation for the coal underlying the 30 acres of land taken. Beacon objected to the DOH’s valuation of the coal, specifically the value of Beacon’s lease to extract and sell the coal beneath the surface.

A three-day jury trial was held in July 2013 to establish the just compensation value for Beacon’s leasehold interest in the coal taken by the DOH, as of July 25, ,2012. „ The trial centered on two issues.

The first issue at trial concerned the amount of land affected by the DOH’s take. The DOH asserted it was taking only about 30 of the 187 acres leased by Beacon, and that the remaining 157 acres of coal reserves would be .unaffected, by the construction of *59the highway. The DOH’s experts therefore testified that Beacon was only entitled to just compensation for the 30 acres expressly encompassed by the take. :.

Beacon, however, argued that it was also entitled to compensation for the damage to the “residue,” that is, the coal reserves beneath the remaining 157 acres covered by the lease. Beacon argued that the construction of the highway sterilized and made un-minea-ble the coal that remained on the leasehold.7 At the time of trial, Beacon had ceased mining operations and sold all of its equipment because, it claimed, it could no longer profitably mine the coal in its lease. .

For purposes of this appeal, the second' and more important issue disputed by the parties concerned the fair market valuation of Beacon’s lease. The president, of Beacon, Jason Svonavec, testified that, because of the profits he would lose from the DOH’s taking, the fair market value of the 187-acre lease was $84 million. Mir. Svonavec based his valuation on Beacon’s contract to sell coal dated August 15, 2011. The contract set a price of $120.00 per ton for metallurgical coal, which Mr. Svonavec claimed made up 90% of the coal mined by Beacon. The contract also set a price of $46.00 per ton for steam coal, which Mr. Svonavec said made up the remaining 10% of sales. Mr. Svonavec estimated that there are 525,244 tons of coal under the acreage taken by the DOH, and another 1,000,000 tons or so of now-unminea-ble coal in the residue. Mr. Svonavec further estimated that his mine was óperating at about an 80% “recovery” rate, meaning that 80% of the coal mined was usable and marketable while the remaining 20% could not be sold because it was contaminated with rock and other materials.

Mr. Svonavec testified that he based his valuation of Beacon’s lease solely on the $120.00 per ton sale price of the recoverable metallurgical'coal, less production costs, and concluded that Beacon earned a profit of $65.00 on every single ton of coal sold. Mr. Svonavec confirmed that the $65.00 figure was his “profit margin on that coal” and was purely “profit per ton.” Assuming that each ton of recpverable coal would earn Beacon $65.00 in profit, Mr. Svonavec testified that just compensation from the DOH would be $27 million for the area taken to build the highway and $57 -million for the residue, a total of $84 million.

Beacon also offered the expert testimony of an appraiser on valuation. The appraiser’s opinion likewise started with the assumption that Beacon sold all of the recoverable coal for $120.00 per ton,' and that after production costs was left with about $65.00 in “gross profit to the leaseholder.” This appraiser, whose opinion we discuss later, suggested that just compensation for Beacon’s coal lease would be $48 million.

At trial, a problem arose when the DOH offered an expert valuation of Beacon’s lease through a mining engineer, Thomas Gray. Mr. Gray intended to offer a valuation opinion derived from “comparable sales” of coal mining properties. . However, Beacon moved to exclude Mr. Gray’s comparable sales opinion because it was based solely upon newspaper articles and internet press releases. As we discuss later in this opinion, Mr. Gray did nothing to investigate the terms of these supposed comparable sales, or whether the sales were arms-length transactions; The circuit court agreed with Beacon and prevented Mr. Gray from testifying about comparable sales. ■

Still, the circuit court did permit Mr. Gray to testify that the value of the coal taken was only $2,365,266,8 although how this number *60was reached is not clear from Mr, Gray’s testimony. It appears that; unlike Beacon’s ■witnesses, Mr. Gray did not value the coal based upon its anticipated $120.00 per ton contract price; instead, he relied upon Beacon’s reports of actual monthly sales. These reports showed Beacon’s monthly sales varied from an average high price of $116.82 per ton in August 2011, to a low of $60.67 per ton in July 2012. Furthermore, -based on -his experience as a mining engineer, Mr. Gray testified that just compensation should-be paid only for coal within thé' 30-acre area taken; he testified the coal reserves under the residue could be profitably mined after the DOH’s construction of the highway.

At the close of the- trial, the DOH proposed a jury instruction telling the jury that it “may not consider -any lost profit” to Beacon’s business when it calculated the damages to award as just compensation. The proposed “business .profits” jury instruction was based on an axiom of eminent domain law which holds that “[t]he amount of profit earned from a business conducted on the condemned property is ordinarily not admissible in evidence.”9 However, "upon an objection by Beacon, the circuit cóurt refused to give the jury the DOH’s proposed instruction about business profits.

Thereafter, the jury returned a verdict awarding Western Pocahontas and Beacon the sum of $24 million as just compensation for the mineral interest acquired by the DOH and for damages to the residue.

The DOH subsequently made a motion fora new trial. The DOH asserted, inter alia, that the circuit court erred when it refused to instruct the jury not to consider the. lost business profits earned by Beacon. The circuit court, however, said that the instruction was properly refused and was “not relevant to the evidence presented at the trial” because “[n]o specific evidence was presented regarding-the business profits” of Beacon. The DOH also asserted that the trial court erred in striking Mr. Gray’s expert testimony about comparable sales; the circuit court disagreed, finding the “nature of .his compa-rables” to be unverified and unreliable. . In two orders dated February 4, 2014* the circuit court denied the motion -for a new trial and entered judgment against the DOH.10

The DOH now appeals the circuit court’s orders.

n.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

■ When reviewing a circuit court’s decision bn a motion for a new trial; we have held that

“[t]he ruling of a trial court in granting or denying a motion for a new trial is entitled to great respect and weight, [and] the trial court’s ruling will be' reversed on appeal [only] when it is clear that the trial court has acted under some misapprehension of the law or the evidence.”. Syl. pt. 4, in part, Sanders v. Georgia-Pacific Corp., 159 W.Va. 621, 225 S.E.2d 218 (1976).

Syllabus Point 2, Estep v. Mike Ferrell Ford Lincoln-Mercury, Inc., 223 W.Va. 209, 672 S.E.2d 345 (2008). However, while we give great deference to a,circuit court’s overall decision concerning a new trial, “we review the circuit court’s underlying factual findings under a clearly erroneous standard. Questions of law are subject, to a de novo review.” Tennant v. Marion Health Care Found., Inc., 194 W.Va. 97, 104, 459 S.E.2d 374, 381 (1995).

III.

ANALYSIS

The DOH asserts it is entitled to a new trial on two grounds. First, it argues that *61the circuit court erred in refusing to give its proposed jury instruction- about lost business profits, and thereby allowed the jury to consider Beacon’s profit margin on coal as a basis for just compensation. Second, the DOH argues that the circuit court abused its discretion when it excluded Mr. Gray’s expert testimony about comparable sales used in the valuation of Beacon’s leasehold interest.

‘Before we turn to these two assignments of error, we must first sfet forth the general guidelines for condemnation proceedings.

Both the United States and West Virginia Constitutions require the State to provide “just compensation” to the owner of an interest in real estate11 taken through the State’s exercise of the power of eminent domain.12 Historically, what constitutes just compensation has been an elusive question, one that “cannot- be reduced* to inexorable rules[.]”13 Suffice it to say that one whose real estate is taken is entitled to just compensation for “the value of the land taken at the time of taking, and to damages to the residue,”14 and that “the value of the land taken and the damage to the residue are necessarily matters of opinion.” '15

The measure of just compensation to be awarded to one whose interest in real estate is taken for a public use in a condemnation proceeding is the fair market value of the property at the time of the taking.16 The market value,1 must-be fair not only to the owner of the interest in the condemned real estate, but also fair to the public paying for the acquisition.17 , The fair market value of *62the property taken has been defined' as: “[T]he price for which the land could be sold in the market by a person desirous of selling to a person wishing to buy, both freely exercising. prudence and intelligent judgment as to its value, and unaffected by compulsion of any kind.”18 Where the State condemns only a portion of a tract of real estate and leaves a smaller tract as residue, there may be damages to the residue. The difference in the fair market value of the residue immediately before and immediately after the taking is the proper measure of just compensation.19

The challenge in assessing just compensation in a condemnation ease is this: what uses and factors would be considered in setting the market price by a willing buyer and a willing seller, each acting with complete freedom and knowledge of the property? “[E]very element of value which would be taken into consideration between private parties in a sale of property should be considered in arriving at a just compensation for the land proposed to be taken[.]”20 Conversely, “[considerations'that may not reasonably be held to affect market value are excluded.”21 Essentially, any factor that a reasonable buyer or seller would typically consider should be included in an analysis of fair market value.22

Thus, for the purpose of determining the market value of property taken by eminent domain,

consideration should be given to every element of value which ordinarily arises in *63negotiations between private persons with respect to the voluntary sale and purchase of land, the use made of the land at the time ... it is taken, its suitability for other uses, its adaptability for every useful purpose to which it may be reasonably expected to be immediately devoted, and the most advantageous uses to which it may so be applied.23

Finally, whatever uses and factors are considered, “the date of take for the purpose of determining the fair market value for the fixing of compensation to be made to the condemnee is the date on which the property is lawfully taken by the commencement of appropriate legal proceedings[.]”24

A. Business Profits■ as an Indicator . of Land Value '

The DOH’s first assignment of error is that the circuit court improperly rejected the DOH’s proposed ■ instruction on business profits and failed to correctly instruct the jury on the law.- The proposed instruction told the' jury to disregard “any lost profit or damage or injury to any business” in its calculation of just compensation, “because such damages depend on contingencies too uncertain and speculative to be allowed.”

When .a party alleges a trial court failed to give the jury a correct statement of the law, our review is de novo. As we said in State v. Hinkle:

As a general rule, the refusal to' give a requested jury instruction is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. By contrast, the question of whether a jury, was properly instructed is a question of law, and the review is de novo.25

Under this standard, a trial court has broad discretion in its formulation of a jury charge, particularly ‘“concerning the specific wording of the instruction^]’’26 However, whatever wording is chosen, “[a] trial court’s instructions to the jury must be a correct statement of the law and supported by the evidence.”27

Beacon asserts that this is not a lost profits case and, therefore, that the DOH’s proposed instruction on business profits was not relevant to the evidence at trial. Beacon argues that because this case involves a lease of coal reserves,- the only proper measure of value .is in the ability of those reserves to produce income. Beacon claims that it does “not seek lost profits as consequential damages” but rather “seek[s] the value, of their coal which is- measured by the dollar amount for which they could sell it.”28

Thé DOH, however, asserts that the circuit court’s instru'ctions to the jury were not a correct statement of the law, because the instructions failed to account for the evidence of raw business prpfits, and opinions based on those raw profits, adduced at trial. The DOH asserts that Beacon’s witnesses repeatedly discussed Beacon’s business profits as the sole basis-for-valuations of just compensation .’for its ■ real property interests. For.instance, the president of Beacon testified the jury should award $84 million in just compensation because his company was losing $84 million in future profits. The -DOH *64points out that, for over a century, the law of this State has prohibited juries from directly considering business profits in assessing just compensation. The DOH. therefore, argues that the circuit court erred as a matter of law when it refused, to instruct the jury that Beacon’s future business profits lost as a result of the condemnation were not recoverable. It also, argues the circuit court erred when it concluded- that “no specific, evidence regarding the business profits” of Beacon was introduced. We agree, and on this ground find that the DOH is entitled to a new trial.

Since 1886, the law.of this State.has been clear: the raw profit lost from a business conducted on. property condemned by the -government’s exercise of eminent-domain may not be, the sole consideration in -establishing just compensation. In Shenandoah Valley Railroad Co. v. Shepherd, this Court set aside a jury’s verdict in a condemnation action because it included future losses to a business.29. We emphasized that it is the real estate which is appropriated, not the business. As another court stated more eloquently, “[tjhe reasoning joehind these cases is that the business itself is not being condemned and the business can be relocated elsewhere.”’30

We have expounded upon our holding in Shepherd and held that evidence-showing “past annual profits derived from a business conducted on the [condemned] property ... offered as an index to the market value of the property, is ordinarily inadmissible[.]”31 “While it is proper to show how the property is used, as an -element of value, it is incompetent to go into the question of profits, derived' from the < business carried on upon it.”32 The reason evidence of “[l]oss of profits to business” is generally inadmissible is because those profits are “too remote and speculative to be the subject of jury consideration.” 33 “[T]he extent to which such income arises out of the property used is uncertain,” and is greatly, affected by “the capital invested,. business conditions obtaining and the trading skill and business capacity of the owner, as well as adaptability of the property to the business.”34

The general rule precluding compensation for lost profits of a business on condemned land continues to be recognized today.35 “As a general rule, there is no compensation for frustrated contracts or for. loss of-future [business] income.”36 The treatise Nichols on Eminent. Domain states plainly, “The amount of profit earned from a business conducted on the, condemned property is ordinarily not admissible in evidence.”37

This general rule is based upon two considerations:. . First, in most states, loss of business, goodwill and profits.are not compensable in eminent dqmain proceedings, so that admission into evidence of profits is thought to lead1 the jury to an improper award'.'' 'Secondly, businéss' profits are thought to depend so much upon the capital employed and the future, skill and'management of the business, that they furnish little test of the value of the real estate itself. The profits- of a business are too *65uncertain, and depend on too many contingencies to be accepted as evidence of the usable value of the property upon which the business is carried on. Profits depend upon the times, the amount of capital invested,- the social, religious and financial position in the community of the one carry-big it on, and many other elements which might be suggested.38

The treatise'emphasizes the ephemeral39 nature of business profits this way: “What’one man might do at a profit, ariother might only do at a loss. Further, even if the owner has made profits from the business in thé past.it does not necessarily follow that these profits will continue in the future.”40

Most importantly, just compensation cannot be based upoii the pure lost profits of a business because that approach disregards market realities. Not only does it’assume stable demand, competition, and production costs, but it also fails to account for risks and uncertainties in the operation of a business. Put simply, no reasonable buyer or seller would placé a fair market value on a tract of real estate based solely upon the future profit of a business located on the real - estate. No reasonable buyer would have paid Beacon $84 million today for its 187-acre lease — and the accompanying costs, risks and uncertainties — for the future right to earn only $84 million selling the coal reserves.

B. The Income Approach to Valuation of Real Estate

As we have emphasized, just compensation for condemned real estate should reflect the unfettered motivations of the market. Every element that private parties would consider in a sale of real estate should be weighed in setting a just compensation for that real estate in a condemnation action, and considerations that would not reasonably affect market value are excluded.

No reasonable buyer would set a fair market value for real estate solely upon the pure profit of a business located upon the real estate. However, if the real estate is being purchased as an investment, the earning power of the land may be a critical element that affects the buyer’s and seller’s calculation of the market value. When the tract of real estate itself generates income— such as through the rental of the land, rental of buildings upon the land, or the extraction of crops, timber or minerals — that income may be considered in a condemnation action through an appraiser’s use of,the “income capitalization approach” to valuing real estate.

The distinction between future profits of a business on real' estate, and- the future earning power of the real estate itself may seem subtle; it is, in fact, a powerful tool-for- calculating a fair market valuation of the real estate. Income from a business on the land is connected to the business; if the business moves, the income moves. ■ Income from the real estate itself derives from qualities inherent only to that tract of real estate, whether .from the. quality of crops grown there, the rents from buildings, or the minerals that can be extracted from beneath the land. .

An appraiser may, in part, rely upon the future income stream from the real estate -to calculate a fair market value through use of the “income capitalization approach.” This appraisal approach “consists of methods, -techniques, and mathematical procedures that an appraiser uses to analyze a property’s capacity to generate benefits (i.e., usually the monetary benefits of income ...) and convert these benefits into an indication of present value.” 41 It allows future income generated by the real estate to be mathematically “capitalized” in ways that reflect future "risks, inflation, and other factors to calculate a fair market value that would be accepted by a reasonable buyer and reason-*66able seller. Understanding this approach to valuation requires understanding of the art of property appraisal.

In the field of real property appraisal, there are three general approaches to establishing the fair market value of real estate. These three techniques in the hands of an expert appraiser are designed to provide some estimation of the fair market value of real estate:

1. ' In the cost approach, value is estimated as the current cost of reproducing or replacing the improvements ... minus the loss in value from depreciation, plus land value.

2. In the sales comparison approach, value is indicated by recent sales of comparable properties in the market.

3. In the income capitalization approach, value is indicated by a property’s earning power, based on the capitalization of income.42

The cost approach to valuation generally consists of the calculation of a depreciated replacement cost for improvements on the land, plus the value of the land, as evidence of market value.43 The comparable sales or “market” approach involves, “essentially, an evaluation of similar pieces of property in the general area and the prices paid for each.”44 And the income approach is typically used where the condemned real estate itself generates future income “which can be capitalized to give some fair indication of what an investor would pay for the privilege of receiving that income over some foreseeable period of time.”45

Calculating a fan- market value of mineral bearing land involves many assumptions and much speculation and, therefore, “all three Approaches [to valuation] suffer from limitations in their application and.are subject to severe criticism.”46 Hence, to the *67extent possible, “[m]ore than one Approach should be used if possible, to provide validation”47 or a “sanity check”48 on an appraiser’s valuation of mineral bearing land. “[I]n the appraisal of complex property consisting of different qualities of land and numerous improvements, all three [approaches] can be used simultaneously as cross-checks upon one another.”49

The existence and quantity of minerals on land taken through condemnation certainly bears on the fair market value of the real estate. Hence, we have recognized — when minerals are lying dormant under land taken through condemnation and are not being actively mined — that evidence of the separate value of those minerals may be “admissible to prove the market value of the land taken.”50 Accordingly, “an expert witness may testify to his opinion of the value in place of one unit of that [mineral] and multiply it by the quantity of that resource present in or on the land to determine the value of the element in place.”51 The expert’s opinion must be based on the value of the mineral unmined and in place, and not as chattel being sold on the open market.

However, the fair market value of the condemned real estate as a whole may not be calculated by separately valuing the mineral interests and then adding these values to that of the surface.52 When land underlain with minerals is taken by eminent domain, “the measure of compensation in such proceedings is the market value of the land to be condemned as a whole, with due consideration of all the components that make for its value.”53 As one manual on appraisal notes:

Buildings and improvements, timber, crops, sand, gravel, minerals, oil, and so forth, in or upon the property are to be considered to the extent that they enhance the market value of the property as a whole. The total value of the property shall not be estimated by adding the values of such separate items to the value of the land ... It must be remembered that it is the market value of the entire property that is the standard of valuation, and not the total of the money values of the separate items.54

Likewise, “[i]t is also important to remember that the activity of mineral extraction is a business activity and that the real property interests must be separated from those of a business.”55 Accordingly, when evidence is presented of separate values for minerals on the condemned land, “[t]he jury should be instructed that the evidence of separate values is only a factor to be considered in *68determining the total market value of the land[.]”56 The just compensation to be awarded should be based on what a reasonable person would have relied upon when selling, buying, or valuing the property in a fair market.

“Evidence of value is largely a matter of opinion, and some speculation is inherent in the ascertainment of value of underground resources, such as minerals, oil, or gas.”57

The fact, however, that a valuation reached has in it baffling elements of speculation and surmise does not mean that it should not be employed. One guess may be better than another guess, since not all guesses haye in them the sanie element of intelligence. The realization that a considerable amount of conjecture is involved should not paralyze the function of deciding, but it should induce humility. Dogmatism is clearly out of order in a .modern valuation case.58

In this case, the DOH made a feeble attempt to establish the market value of Beacon’s lease interest using the comparable sales approach (and utilized an expert opinion that, as we will discuss, was properly excluded). Beacon’s appraisal expert testified that, he was using the, capitalization of income approach. We will therefore explain the general application of these two approaches.59

In the valuation' of mineral-bearing land, it is preferable that an appraiser first attempt to value the land based upon sales comparisons. The reason is obvious: the approach draws directly from sales data of comparable properties in the market.60 “Data from compléted transactions is considered a very reliable value indicator.”61' It is also “the most easily understood approach to value[.]”62 “Arm’s length transactions in lands in the vicinity of and comparable to the land under appraisement,, reasonably near the time of acquisition, are the best evidence of market value, but not to the extent of exclusion of other relevant evidence of value.” 63

For an appraiser to properly evaluate what are perceivéd to be comparable' sales, the appraiser' “should personally verify sales with either the buyer or seller.,. : Verification of a sale with the broker or attorney and the buyer or seller will usually produce the greatest amount of üseful, reliable information.”64 “Appraisers must thoroughly research the prices, real property rights conveyed, financing terms, motivations of buyers and sellers ... and dates (i.e., the market conditions) of the property transactions.” 65 In collecting this information, “appraisers will rely heavily on interviews, personal contacts, and proprietary research. Personal verification with a party to the *69transaction is an important step in the sales comparison approach.”66 '

In the instant case, the DOH offered evidence of “comparable” sales through an expert witness, Mr. Gray.’ As we discuss below, the circuit court acted within its discretion when it excluded Mr. Gray’s opinion of comparable sales because his opinion relied solely upon press releases and news articles found on the internet We find further support for the circuit court’s decision in the fact that Mr. Gray did not investigate to determine if the comparable sales were arm’s-length transactions. The DOH also’ offered no evidence to show Mr. Gray’s supposed comparable sales were in the vicinity of or in any way comparable to the Tucker County property at issue. One of Mr. Gray’s proposed comparable sales was in Australia and another was in Indonesia. Additionally, Mr. Gray did nothing to personally verify his comparable sales with either the buyer or seller, and did no research about the true prices of the properties,- the terms of any financing, what property rights- were conveyed, the motivations of the parties, or the market conditions surrounding the sales.

While courts generally favor the sales comparison approach when valuing real estate, “there are, of course, some income-producing properties for which the income capitalization approach is particularly relevant.” 67 The value of minerals under land (such as coal, oil, gas, limestone, sand, gravel, or clay) to the owner or lessee of mineral rights usually lies not in their value in the ground, but in the future income to be gained by their eventual extraction and stale. Experts estimating the value of mineral-producing land (like in this case) áre, therefore, often tempted to skip the sales comparison approach and jump straight to the income capitalization approach: .

While it is recognized that each‘property containing valuable mineral deposits, is unique, the same may be said, to some degree, of all real estate. However, “[elements of sales of quite distant properties, even those with,different mineral content, may be comparable in, an economic or market sense-when due allowance is made for variables.” Therefore,- it is unacceptable for an appraiser preparing an appraisal ... to simply state that there, are no comparable sales transactions without providing adequate support for the conclusion.68

Ah appraiser must be able to articulate why a fair market value could not be calculated under the sales Comparison approach or the cost approach (if applicable) before relying solely upon the income capitalization approach.

The income capitalization approaches complex and 'employs specialized terminology, but is'“intend[ed] to simulate investor behavior.”69 The approach blends current cash flows and estimates of future income - and expenses, so as to develop a “reliable estimate of income expectancy”70 that a buyer and seller would rely upon in a sale of the real estate. At its heart, the income capitalization approach revolves around the appraiser’s calculation of the “net operating income” from the real estate, which is roughly the income remaining after deduction of certain, operating expenses (but not all expenses).71 The-income approach *70incorporates the possibility that real estate may sometimes have expenses that exceed income, yet over time have a positive income stream that would make the.property a worthy investment.72

The income approach supports two different methods of capitalization to reach a fair market value: direct capitalization and yield capitalization. Direct capitalization essentially converts a single year’s “net operating income into an indication of overall property value” by multiplying the net income by a capitalization rate that accounts for characteristics of the real estate.73 Yield capitalization requires the appraiser to forecast the future income stream of the real estate which is then “discounted in order to obtain a ‘present value’ as of the date of taking.”74 Overall, the income approach converts the income that the real estate is expected to generate into a factor that a reasonable buyer or seller would consider in determining fair market value.

Utilized properly, the income capitalization approach “accounts for and reflects those items and forces that affect the revenue, expenses, and ultimate earning capacity of real estate and represents a forecast of events that would be considered likely within a specific market.”75 “Both direct capitalization and yield capitalization are market-derived techniques, and when applied correctly they should result in similar value indications for the subject property.... If differences arise, the appraiser should check that the various techniques are being applied correctly and consistently[.]”76 And, as noted earlier, if the sales comparison approach can be used to calculate a fair market value for a tract of real estate, then that valuation should be similar to a fair market value of the same tract calculated using the income capitalization approach.

“In applying the income ■ capitalization approach, appraisers must take care to consider only the income that the property itself will produce — not income produced from the business enterprise conducted on the property (i.e., the business of mining).”77 In considering expert testimony based on income capitalization, the finder of fact “must draw a distinction between the capitalization of income generated by the property itself and income derived from a business conducted on the property.”78 In the absence of *71care, “such valuations can reach wonderland proportions.”79.

• In this case,- Beacon offered the expert opinion of an appraiser, Douglas C. Wise, to value its lease interest. Mr. Wise, with no explanation, said that he “could not properly process” thé cost approach and the sales comparison approach in valuing the lease, and so he relied solely upon the income capitalization approach.

We cannot discern from the trial record whether Mri Wise used a direct capitalization method, a yield capitalization method, or whether he used either method correctly. Counsel for Beacon asked few questions during Mr. Wise’s direct examination, - and he was repeatedly permitted to give drawn-out narrative answers. The triál transcript does little to allow us to understand his calculations. ..

As best'we can determine from the record, here is how Mr. Wise applied the income capitalization approach:80 first, the DOH projected that there were 1,617,462 tons of coal underlying the 187 acres. Mr. Wise opined that 80% of that coal would be recoverable arid saleable. Mr. Wise also claimed (like Beacon’s owner, Mr. Svonavec) that all of the coal would be sold for $120.00 per ton; after production costs he said the coal would gamer $64.80 in “gross profit to the leaseholder.” 81 He then carved off a 14%- “entrepreneurial adjustment”82 as profit that a fan-market purchaser would expect to receive. He further opined that Beacon would take eight years to remove all of the coal. Finally, spreading- Beacon’s profits over an eight year period, Mr. Wise reduced those future profits to present value using a 10% discount rate. Mr. -Wise therefore concluded that Beacon’s ■ 187-acre leasehold interest was worth about $48 million.

-The jury rejected the DQH’s and Beacon’s proposed valuations and set just compensation at $24 million for both the land taken and the damages to the residue.

C. A New Trial is Required - by this Record

From our discussion above, we discern two legal principles for condemnation proceedings that guide our ruling today.

First,, in a condemnation action, the amount of raw profit lost from a business operated either .on the condemned real estate or on its residue may not be the sole basis to establish just compensation. Stated another way, business profits lost as a result of a condemnation action may not be recovered as an independent element of damages.

Second, in a condemnation action, under the income capitalization approach to appraisal, an expert witness’s assessment of the income stream that real property pro*72duces may be relied upon to support a fair market valuation ofian interest in real estate. Generally, the income capitalization approach weighs the anticipated income stream from .the real estate as an element, of fair market value,- as of the date of'taking, and accounts for likely forces and -events in -the market that would affect the revenue; expenses, and net operating income of the real estate interest, ■

We recognize that these" two’legal principles seem to be at odds with one another; they are not; The former rule excludes loss of profits or other consequential damages td-a business from the computation of just compensation. Lost profits are not recoverable as a separate component of market value in a condemnation action. The latter rule, however, considers that profits may be germane in a condemnation action to the extent they exert an ’effect on the fair market value of the real estate. Essentially, the principles reflect thé distinction “betwéen income as a criterion of value and income as evidence of value. While net income ... is not controlling on the issue of value, evidence thereof may be considered by the jury' in conjunction ’ with all other material evidence.” 83 As one court said, . ;

The truth is the amount of actual net revenue does not determine the value of land in every case. The revenue would vary according to the industry, skill, and wisdom of the person cultivating the land.,.. But other elements, such as t¡he state of the market, the demand and supply of land of the character in question, the prospects of advance, and perhaps other things,.-would-ordinarily affect the question of value and fix it at a sum different from that produced, by capitalization of net revenue. The actual market value is the thing to be determined, and- while net revenue should be considered,.it does not, in general, furnish a conclusive measure of such market value,84

For instance, say the DOH builds -a highway and, through condemnation, takes one of two entrances onto "the .lot for a gas station. Thereafter, the gas station’s profits drop by $500 per -day because fewer customers enter the.property. The owner may not seek just compensation for the lost $500 per day. The dayrto-day fortunes of the gas station business are simply too reliant upon economic conditions, ¡the skill of the owner, the whims of customers,, the acts of employees, etc. The shift in daily profits is therefore too speculative a number upon which to base damages. Using the income capitalization approach, however, the owner may show that the fair market value of the lot has decreased,, in part, because the DOH’s condemr nation action reduced the future income strearp that would be generated by the real estate.85

The- parties in this case have not asked us to alter- our long-standing -rule and thereby hold that lost profits, loss of. goodwill-, going concern value, or other consequential damages to a business caused by the exercise of eminent domain are elements of just compensation, , We note, however, that,several state legislatures- have required the inclusion of those damages in awards of just compensation.86

*73In this ease, the owner of Beacon, Mr. Svonavee, gave his opinion that a fair market value for Beacon’s lease was $84 million, based solely upon his opinion .of the future profits of his business. “Our law has long recognized the admissibility of a landowner’s opinion concerning the value of his land.”87 This is allowed because “it is generally understood that the opinion of the owner is so far affected by bias that it amounts to little more than a definite statement of the maximum figure of his contention.”88 However, the “authorization for a landowner to testify is not merely the granting of permission to the litigants to act out” and “testify to grossly inflated values.”89 Put'simply, a property owner m'áy not base his opinion solely upon lost business profits because' it “suggests to the jury that the’property owner is entitled to those losses.”90

Mr. Svonavec’s valuation was’ solely based on the “profit margin on that coal” and the “profit per ton,” and the-raw business profits he stood to lose. Beacon’s expert appraiser confirmed this valuation was based on the “gross profit to the leaseholder.” The methodology by which Mr. Svonavee arrived at his .opinion centered exclusively upon the future profits lost by' Beacon. The circuit court was therefore plainly wrong in holding that “[n]o specific evidence was presented regarding the business profits” of Beacon.

The DOH proposed an instruction providing that the jury “may not consider any lost profit or damage or injury to any businesses,” “because such damages depend on contingencies too uncertain and speculative to be allowed.” The instruction is certainly not a model of artful drafting. However, had the instruction been incorporated into the circuit court’s instructions defining just compensation) it would have alerted the jury that it could not award damages based upon Beácon’s lost profits alone. It is our judgment that the circuit court erred as a matter of law in refusing to instruct the jury, to disregard any evidence of business profits when weighing just compensation.

■ Additionally, Mr. Svonavee suggested a fair market value of Beacon’s lease by simply multiplying the estimated quantity of coal by his claimed net profit. This method of calculating just compensation has been universally disapproved. “Fixing just compensation for land taken by multiplying the number of cubic feet or yards or tons by a given price per unit has met with almost uniform disapproval of the courts,”- largely because “[n]o *74man oí business experience would buy property on that theory of value.”91

To the credit of the inherent intelligence and common sense of the jurors, the jury did not accept at face value Beacon’s demand for just compensation based upon its pure business profits. Beacon did, later, attempt to offer an expert’s.opinion of fair market value based on the income capitalization approach, although we cannot discern if that opinion correctly applied the income approach or, in fact, improperly relied solely upon Beacon’s business profits. In summary, it is impossible for us to tell the extent to which the jury did consider the incompetent testimony of business profits. What is clear is that the DOH was entitled to an instruction that the jury was not to consider evidence of Beacon’s lost business profits.

D. Testimony of Comparable Sales

The DOH’s second argument on appeal is that the circuit court erred in excluding expert testimony from Thomas Gray concerning sales of comparable mining properties. “The admissibility of testimony by an expert witness is a matter within the sound discretion of the trial court, and the trial court’s decision will not be reversed unless it is clearly wrong.”92 We have reviewed the circuit court’s decision for an abuse of discretion, but find none.

The West Virginia Rules of Evidence are “the paramount authority for determining whether an expert is qualified to give an opinion on the value of real estate in an eminent domain proceeding.”93 Under Rule 703, an expert is permitted

to base his opinion on (1) personal observations; (2) facts or data, admissible in evidence, and presented to the expert at or before trial; and (3) information otherwise inadmissible in evidence, if this type of information is reasonably relied upon by experts in the witness’field.94

Further, under Rule 702 “an expfert’s opinion is admissible if the basic methodology employed by the expert in arriving at his opinion is' scientifically or technically valid and properly applied.”95 “ ’ ■

. In the instant case, Mr. Gray intended to offer testimony ostensibly of comparable sales. However, knowledge of these sales was gleaned from newspaper articles and press releases found through a search of the internet. One sale was of a property containing coal reserves in Indonesia, another of coal reserves in Australia. Some, of these so-called comparable sales were not for cash but for stock. In his deposition, Mr, Gray showed no knowledge of the quality of the coal, such as its thickness, sulfur content, or amount of overburden. In essence, Mr. Gray failed to follow the basic methodology employed by an expert in the field of property appraisals, and based his opinion on information that had no established, relevance or reliability. “[T]he question of the admissibility of particular comparable sales rests within the sound discretion of the trial judge,”96 and “if the elements considered by the witness in reaching his opinion'are irrelevant, speculative and conjectural, or otherwise incompetent, the opinion should be excluded.” 97

On this record, we find no error in the circuit court’s decision to bar Mr. Gray’s opinion concerning, comparable sales.

E. Trial Considerations .on Remand

We' note that this trial; despite the yeoman’s job of the' trial judge, was an appalling train wreck. The circuit court did a commendable job with' little assistance by counsel for the parties, particularly the DOH. Con*75sidering that trial counsel for the DOH was tasked with protecting millions of dollars in the public fisc, we are shocked at counsel’s seeming lack of preparation or participation in the tidal.98

For instance, trial counsel for the DOH sought to introduce evidence of the price Beacon paid for its. leasehold interest in 2011. “[T]he purchase price paid for property [being condemned] in a recent arm’s length transaction is a substantial factor in determining the- property’s true and actual value.” 99 A prior, recent sale of the condemned real estate itself, in an open, voluntary and arm’s-length market transaction, is generally the most comparable of ’all comparable sales-for assessing a fair market value. However, the circuit court excluded this evidence. It was not raised as an error on appeal because counsel for the DOH failed to make, or was incapable of making, a record suggesting it was a mistake.

The poorly-made record suggests that, barely a year before the condemnation proceedings were filed, Beacon (and its coal lease) was sold to Mr. Svonavec for $360,000 up front, plus a royalty of $3.00 per ton of coal sold. It was within the sound discretion of the circuit court as to whether to admit evidence of the sale price paid by Beacon,100 but the DOH was first required to provide the following proof: “(a) The sale must be bona fide; (b) The sale must be voluntary, not forced; (c) The sale must have occurred relevantly in point of time; and (d) The sale must cover substantially the same property which is the subject of the appropriation action.”101

Sadly, at trial, counsel for the DOH had no facts to show the purchase of Beacon and its leasehold in 2011 was, in any way, a bona fide or arm’s-length transaction. Counsel for the DOH was unsure if Mr. Svonavec and the seller were now joint owners of Beacon, and was unaware of any of the terms of the sale. Further, counsel for the DOH had no idea if the seller was having financial problems at the time of the conveyance, and so had nothing to indicate whether the sale was forced or voluntary. Most appallingly, counsel made no attempt to vouch the record to offer any of this evidence to the circuit-judge. Our understanding of the 2011 sale comes largely from comments muttered off-handedly in a sidebar conference.

Furthermore, many times the trial attorneys showed little.- knowledge of condemnation law. For example, at times counsel for Beacon asserted to the jury they were “seeking recovery for a coal mine” because there was an active mine on the property at the time of the take, and at other times said Beacon was “seeking recovery for a lease.” No one — particularly counsel for the DOH, who we would presume to be the most knowledgeable on this topic — ever pointed out to the judge or jury that condemnation law is designed to award just compensation for interests in real estate (interests like a leasehold), not interests in businesses using the real estate.

Another illustration can be found in a jury instruction proffered by the DOH and given by the trial judge. The instruction told the jury that the damage to the residue of the real estate should be valued as the difference between the market value immediately before and immediately after the taking, “less any special benefits which you may feel have [accrued] to the residue by reason of the construction of the road.” (Emphasis added). This instruction reflects the ancient rule that “peculiar or special benefits” to the residue from the public improvement were to be deducted from the damage award, while “general benefits” common to the community were not.

The problem with the damage instruction is this: in 1933, the Legislature abolished any distinction between “peculiar or special benefits” and “general benefits” in *76condemnation actions.102 This Court discussed that statutory change in the seminal 1947 case of Strouds Creek & Muddelty Railroad Co. v. Herold where wé ruled that the measure of damages to the residue “is the difference in its market valué immediately before and immediately' after construction ... beyond all benefits to the property arising from such construction.”103' We reiterated our holding in 1973, stating that damages to the residue must account for “all benefits which may accrue to the residue from the construction of the improvement for which the land was taken.”104 Yet, at trial, none of the lawyers pointed out that the DOH’s instruction incorrectly discussed “special benefits.” Judges -are not legal encyclopedias. The lawyers must help the trial judge by submitting correct legal arguments, particularly in complex and specialized litigation.

Another example can be found in the opinion testimony concerning the alleged damage to the 157-acre residue. The jury was required to award just compensation for the difference in fair market value of the residue immediately before and immediately after the taking. Yet no lawyer — for Beacon, Western Pocahontas, or the DOH — asked any witness the three simple questions that arise from this test: What was the value of the residue immediately before the taking? What was the value immediately after? And what' was that difference? Instead, witnesses lobbed a bewildering array of numbers to the jury without context.

Yet another example can be found when counsel for Western Pocahontas (the fee simple owner of both the surface and the underlying coal reserves) announced his client-was satisfied with $750,000 for the surface of the land. Counsel for Western Pocahontas then asked to be dismissed from the trial , because it was only “the coal that is at issue,” and counsel for the DOH said he was “fine with them leaving.” Further, counsel for Western Pocahontas represented that the $5,863,100 deposited by DOH in July 2012 belonged" solely to Western Pocahontas, and that whatever verdict was returned by the jury would belong exclusively to Beacon; The ever-wary circuit court, adrift in the bad advice of the trial attorneys, required counsel for Western Pocahontas to remain in the trial.

The problem with these waffling assertions by the trial attorneys is that they had little basis in law. First, when a government entity exercises the power of eminent domain to acquire a fee simple title to a tract of real estate, every party who has an interest in that tract must be a party to the condemnation proceeding.105 The right to just compensation must be adjudicated for all parties who have interests in the condemned real estate, from the stars to the center of the earth, in one proceeding, at the same time.106 “[W]here the mineral interest and the surface interest are owned by different persons, the mineral interest may be valued separately, but it must be valued as. a segregated part of real property and not as a natural warehouse for minerals as personal *77property”107

Furthermore, ■ in a' condemnation trial involving real estate that is leased, West Virginia Code § 54-2-10 indicates that the primary party in interest is the owner and lessor of the condemned real estate, not the tenant. The jury is tasked with determining the just'compensation payable to the owner/lessor for the real estate taken and for damages to the residue, and the owner/lessor is then tasked with paying the tenant just compensation for the value of the leasehold interest. While the jury may hear evidence of the leasehold’s value, and by interrogatory determine its value, -just compensation is awarded to the owner of the real estate. The owner then pays the tenant the tenant’s share of the compensation. The statute provides, in pertinent part, that “the value of any leasehold on the property proposed to be taken, that must be paid by the owner thereof to his tenant or tenants, shall be admissible in evidence ... in the trial by jury.”108

In its order denying a new trial, the circuit court expressed surprise at the quality of the advocacy of the DOH’s' trial counsel. For instance, given the “unusual posture of the take in this case,” the circuit court said it was “quite frankly surprised that the [counsel for the DOH] did not submit special interrogatories,” leaving the court and parties with no understanding of the deliberations, decision or rationale of the jury in its damage award. We are sufficiently troubled by the quality of the trial record that we have considered — but declined — exercising our discretion to review what can only be considered “plain errors” not raised by. the DOH in its appeal. See W.Va. Rules of Appellate Procedure Rule 10(e)(3). We anticipate that, on remand, inadequacies such as these will be remedied by trial counsel for the parties.

IV.

CONCLUSION

The circuit court erred when it failed to give the DOH’s proposed instruction informing the jury to disregard Beacon’s profits when assessing just ' compensation. We therefore reverse the circuit" court’s February 4, 2014, orders entering judgment and denying a rtew trial, and remand the case for a new trial. ■ ' >■ ■

Reversed and Remanded.

dissenting;

In this case, the majority has decided to treat the State like a child, scolding it'for not adequately preparing for trial and then allowing it to have a “do over.” Despite the fact that the new points1 ’of law set forth in the majority opinion do not support a finding that the trial judge erred by refusing to give the State’s proposed jury instruction, the majority nonetheless reaches that conclusion and remands this casé for a new trial. In doing so, the majority providés unprecedented, detailed guidance for the retrial of this matter in an undisguised effort to ensure that the State is not slapped with another twenty-four million dollar verdict. Because it is clear that the trial court did not commit reversible error by refusing to give an obviously erroneous instruction and because this Court should not be dispensing legal advice to parties, I dissent from the majority’s decision in this case.1

The proceedings below focused primarily upon the fair market value of Beacon’s interest in the subject property, i.e., its right to extract and sell the coal, which was thwarted as "a result of the State’s decision to take the land for the construction. of Corridor H, *78When the State initiated this condemnation proceeding, Beacon was actively surface mining the property. As a result of the State’s taking, Beacon was forced to cease its mining operations and go out of business. During the trial, the State, relying upon cases from 1886 and 1919,2 proposed that the following instruction be given to the jury:

You are instructed that in determining whether the residue of the property is damaged or injured, you may. consider damage to the land, but you may not consider any lost profit or damage or injury to any business thereon, because such damages depend on contingencies too uncertain and speculative to be allowed.' (emphasis supplied)

The trial court found the instruction would apply if the business being operated on the property could be relocated, as would be the case with a gas station, factory, or store, However, because the property at issue — the coal — and its location constituted the business, the trial court determined that Beacon was entitled to the value of the property taken, “measured by the dollar amount for which [it] could sell it.” Whitney Benefits, Inc. v. United States, 18 Cl.Ct. 394, 409 (1989). Accordingly, the trial court-refused to give the proposed jury instruction.

While the general rule in the law of eminent domain has been that business profits are not an indicator of the value of land because the success of the business depends on the skill of the operator and the efficiency of the operation, “courts [now] recognize an exception to this rule when1 the profits proceed directly out of the land condemned, thereby contributing to its intrinsic value, as opposed to a business being conducted on the land.” 8 Nichols on Eminent Domain § G-14F.03 (3rd ed. 2015). For example, in State Highway Commission v. Jones, 173 Ind.App. 243, 363 N.E.2d 1018 (1977), the State brought an action to condemn approximately twenty-six acres of quarry land to build a highway. After the jury returned a verdict of nearly half a million dollars, awarding damages to both the owner landlords and the tenants operating the quarry business on the land, the State appealed asserting, inter alia, that the trial court had erred by excluding its instruction that would have directed the. jury not to consider “business profits or volume as evidence of the value of the - land or any interest thereon.” Id. at 1026. Finding that the trial court rightfully excluded the instruction, the appellate court explained:

Plaintiffs Tendered Instruction- No. 1 is incorrect in that it instructs the jury not to consider business profits as an element which contributes to- the value of the land. However, as it was pointed' out above, where income is produced by the sale of minerals or other soil materials which are an intrinsic part - of the land, then the capitalization of business profits may be proper. Therefore those profits may be considered by the jury to the extent that they reflect upon, the value of the land at the time of the taking.

Id. 3

In an unnecessarily long and convoluted analysis, the majority eventually recognizes this exception to the general rule, stating that , where property being condemned was generating income, such as when minerals are being extracted, that “income may be considered in a condemnation proceeding^]” Maj. Op. at 633. Accordingly, the majority holds in syllabus point two of the opinion that “the. amount of raw profit lost from a business operated either on the condemned real estate or its residue' may not be the sole basis to establish just compensation.” (emphasis added). By using the word “sole,” the majority recognizes that profits may be considered in determining the amount of an award of just compensation. In fact, the majority further holds in syllabus point three that “an expert witness’s assessment of the income stream that real property produces *79may be relied upon to support a fair market valuation of an interest in real estate.”

Although the majority clearly acknowledges that lost profit may be considered in determining the fair market value of condemned property when .the profit is . derived directly out of the land itself, it nonetheless finds the trial court committed reversible error by refusing to give the State’s proposed instruction that would have directed the jury to “not consider any lost profit.” The majority reasons that the instruction should have been given because Beacon’s owner, Jason Svonavee, testified he believed that the fair market value of Beacon’s lease which allowed it to extract and sell the coal, was eighty-four million dollars. Mr. Svona-vec testified that he arrived at this figure by calculating how much profit Beacon would have earned had it been able to extract and sell all of the mineable coal. .The majority concludes that because Mr. Svonavee’s opinion was only based on lost profit, the instruction would have alerted the jury that it could not consider lost profit alone in making its just compensation determination. Op. at 642. The fallacy in the majority’s reasoning is two-fold.

First, this Court has “long recognized the admissibility of a landowner’s opinion concerning the value of his land.” West Virginia Dept. of Highways v. Sickles, 161 W.Va. 409, 411, 242 S.E.2d 567, 570 (1978), overruled on other grounds by West Virginia Dept. of Highways v. Brumfield, 170 W.Va. 677, 295 S.E.2d 917 (1982). While the majority pays lip service to this basic principle of eminent domain law, it concludes that Mr. Svonavee’s opinion was somehow improper because it was based only upon his lost business profit. Considering the fact that Beacon’s only interest in the subject property was its right to mine and sell the coal by virtue of its coal lease, I am uncertain as to what the majority thinks Mi’. Svonavee should have used as the basis for his opinion concerning the value- of Beacon’s interest in the property. Undoubtedly, from Mr. Svo-navec’s perspective, forcing Beacon to halt its mining . operation caused Beacon to lose eighty-four millions dollars, the value of the coal Beacon would .have been able to extract and sell. - In. that regard, Mr. Svonavec’s calculation was based on Beacon’s existing contract to sell the coal it was mining at the date of the taking. , Thus, there was no speculation involved in his valuation. For the majority, to conclude that Mr. Svonavec’s opinion as to the value of Beacon’s interest in the property was. “grossly inflated” and therefore improper is absurd.

Secondly, by focusing only upon Mr, Svo-navec’s testimony and opinion as to the value of the subject property, the majority conveniently overlooks the fact that Beacon’s expert, Douglas C. Wise, a certified general l’eal estate appraiser, used the lost profit in calculating and arriving at his opinion regarding the fair market value of the property.4 Had the jury been given, the instruction proposed by the State, it would have been directed to ignore not only Mr. Svonavec’s opinion, but that of Mr. Wise as well. Such a result would be contrary to the new law created in syllabus point three of the majority opinion, which allows lost .profit to be considered when the income capitalization approach is used to calculate the fair market value.

. It is clear the -majority decided to grant a new trial in-.this matter because it believes the State was ill-prepared, and should have done a better job to “protect[ ] millions of dollars in the public fisc.” Maj. Op. at 643. Characterizing the trial as “an appalling train wreck,” the majority proceeds to point out multiple errors made by counsel for the State and give direction with regard to the proper course of action upon the retrial of this matter. Id. While I will agree that the record evidences a lack of preparation on the part of the State, it is not this Court’s place to instruct counsel regarding the best way to present a case to the jury. As we recently explained:

It is a deeply rooted and fundamental law that “this Court is not authorized to *80issue advisory opinions!.]” State ex rel. City of Charleston v. Coghill, 156 W.Va. 877, 891, 207 S.E.2d 113, 122 (1973) (Haden, J., dissenting). In this regard, we observed in Harshbarger v. Gainer, 184 W.Va. 656, 659, 403 S.E.2d 399, 402 (1991), that “[s]inee President Washington, in 1793, sought and was refused legal advice from the Justices of the Ünited States Supreme Court, courts-state and federal-have continuously maintained that they will not give ‘advisory opinions.’,” Moreover, in United Fuel Gas Co. v. Public Service Commission, 73 W.Va. 571, 578, 80 S.E. 931, 934 (1914), we noted that “[b]y the plain terms of the Constitution appellate jurisdiction is limited to controversies arising in judicial proceedings[.]” This Court further addressed the issue of advisory opinions in Mainella v. Board of Trustees of Policemen’s Pension or Relief Fund of City of Fairmont, 126 W.Va. 183, 185-86, 27 S.E.2d 486, 487-88 (1943), as follows:

Courts are not constituted for the purpose of making advisory decrees or resolving academic disputes. The pleadings and evidence must present a claim of legál right asserted by one party and denied by the other before jurisdiction of a suit may be taken.

State ex rel Morrisey v. West Virginia Office of Disciplinary Counsel 234 W.Va. 238, 246, 764 S.E.2d 769, 777 (2014).

Like the majority, I was decidely unimpressed with the manner in which the State presented its case at trial. However, I simply do not believe that the assigned errors warranted giving the State a second bite at the apple. In fact, I would not be surprised if, upon retrial, a new jury, properly instructed on the role of lost profit, awards Beacon just compensation in an amount substantially greater than the verdict that is the subject of this appeal.

For the reasons set forth above, I respectfully dissent from the majority’s decision in this case. -